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  1. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Most of the infected people have no clinical symptoms. The current strategy for HCV elimination include...

    Authors: Hsu-Heng Yen, Pei-Yuan Su, I.-L.ing Liu, Ya-Huei Zeng, Siou-Ping Huang, Yu-Chun Hsu, Po-Ke Hsu and Yang-Yuan Chen
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:209
  2. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the pancreas with pseudocysts, especially diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), is extremely rare.

    Authors: Xia Qiu, Yajie Meng, Meiqin Lu, Chuan Tian, Min Wang and Junwen Zhang
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:208
  3. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease, and few cases combine with Crohn’s disease. We present the first SLE patient concurrent with Crohn’s disease and rectovaginal fistula. ...

    Authors: Heng Yeh, Ren-Chin Wu, Wen-Sy Tsai, Chia-Jung Kuo, Ming-Yao Su, Cheng-Tang Chiu and Puo-Hsien Le
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:206
  4. The projection studies are imperative to satisfy demands for health care systems and proper response to the public health problems such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

    Authors: Meysam Olfatifar, Mohammad Reza Zali, Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi, Hedieh Balaii, Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami, Maria Ivanchuk, Pavlo Ivanchuk, Saeed hashemi Nazari, Shabnam shahrokh, Siamak Sabour, Soheila Khodakarim, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Pejman Rohani and Gholamhossein Mehralian
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:204
  5. Endoscopic resection for large, laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) in the cecum is challenging. Here we report on the clinical outcomes of hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in large cecal LSTs.

    Authors: Xiang-Yao Wang, Ning-Li Chai, Ya-Qi Zhai, Long-Song Li, Zan-Tao Wang, Jia-Le Zou, Yong-Sheng Shi and En-Qiang Linghu
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:203
  6. Transpapillary biliary drainage in ERCP is an established method for symptomatic treatment of patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage frequently rem...

    Authors: Mateusz Jagielski, Michał Zieliński, Jacek Piątkowski and Marek Jackowski
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:202
  7. The clinical endoscopic phenotypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are classified as Barrett's esophagus (BE), erosive esophagitis (EE) and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD). NERD is...

    Authors: Mónica R. Zavala-Solares, Gabriela Fonseca-Camarillo, Miguel Valdovinos, Julio Granados, Guido Grajales-Figueroa, Luis Zamora-Nava, Nancy Aguilar-Olivos, Luis R. Valdovinos-García and Jesús K. Yamamoto-Furusho
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:201
  8. Cirrhosis can be complicated by electrolyte abnormalities, but the major focus has been concentrated on the clinical significance of serum sodium levels. Emerging studies have identified hypochloremia as an in...

    Authors: Yun Ji and Libin Li
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:200
  9. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The number of elderly patients with CRC increases due to aging of the population. There are few studies that examined chemotherapy and pr...

    Authors: Hiroyuki Hisada, Yu Takahashi, Manabu Kubota, Haruhisa Shimura, Ei Itobayashi, Kenji Shimura and Akira Nakamura
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:199
  10. Understanding the natural history of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is important for determining optimal management and predicting prognosis in patients. The aim of this study was to determine the p...

    Authors: Mohammed Elfatih Hamida, Saud Mohammed Raja, Yemane Seyoum, Isam Mohammed Elkhidir and Freweini Tekle
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:198
  11. Fecal biomarkers are considered to be useful surrogate markers for endoscopic activity. Given the mechanisms of fecal biomarkers, we hypothesized that the extent of ulcerative colitis (UC; pancolitis, left-sid...

    Authors: Akihito Sakuraba, Nobuki Nemoto, Noritaka Hibi, Ryo Ozaki, Sotaro Tokunaga, Oki Kikuchi, Shintaro Minowa, Tatsuya Mitsui, Miki Miura, Daisuke Saito, Mari Hayashida, Jun Miyoshi, Minoru Matsuura, Masayoshi Yoneyama, Hiroaki Ohnishi and Tadakazu Hisamatsu
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:197
  12. Spinach has high antioxidants and polyphenols and showed protective effects against liver diseases in experimental studies. We aimed to assess the association between dietary intake of spinach and odds of nona...

    Authors: Ebrahim Mokhtari, Hossein Farhadnejad, Ammar Salehi-Sahlabadi, Narjes Najibi, Mina Azadi, Farshad Teymoori and Parvin Mirmiran
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:196
  13. Donor age is an important predictor for liver transplant recipients. Studies have not fully explored its impact on transplant outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients as well as its involvement in t...

    Authors: Jie Zhou, Zhichao Huang, Zheng Chen, Fangshen Xu, Rongliang Tong and Shusen Zheng
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:195
  14. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a complex group of tumours that occur in many organs. Routinely used IHC markers for NEN diagnosis include CgA, synaptophysin, Ki67 and CD56. These have limitations includin...

    Authors: Abhirami Venugopal, Jessie Gillick-Walker, Agnes Michalczyk, Mustafa Khasraw and M. Leigh Ackland
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:194
  15. The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally, and the disease is frequently managed surgically. The aim of this study was to investigate the time trends and geographic distribution...

    Authors: Flávia Gonçalves Musauer Palacio, Lucila Marieta Perrotta de Souza, Jéssica Pronestino de Lima Moreira, Ronir Raggio Luiz, Heitor Siffert Pereira de Souza and Cyrla Zaltman
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:192
  16. Approximately 50% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) develop metastases most commonly in the liver. Liver transplantation (LT) can be used in certain cases of primary liver malignancy or in metastatic di...

    Authors: Mahmoud Tabbal, Abdullah Mahmoud Alkhalifa, Abdullah Saleh AlQattan, Mohammed AlJawad, Mansour Ahmed Tawfeeq and Mohammed Saad Al Qahtani
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:191
  17. Hepatitis C virus is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. We aimed to examine the long-term (> 20 years) mortality and hepatocellular carcinoma rates and associated risk ...

    Authors: Shunichiro Fujiyama, Norio Akuta, Hitomi Sezaki, Mariko Kobayashi, Yusuke Kawamura, Tetsuya Hosaka, Masahiro Kobayashi, Satoshi Saitoh, Fumitaka Suzuki, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Yasuji Arase, Kenji Ikeda and Hiromitsu Kumada
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:189
  18. Currently, there are no circulating diagnostic biomarkers for gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs). In previous studies, we found that miRNA-202-3p is overexpressed in the tumour tissue of type 1 g-NEN. W...

    Authors: Dou Dou, Xiao-kou Li, Qi-sheng Xia, Ying-ying Chen, Yuan-liang Li, Chao Wang, Zhi-rong Qi and Huang-ying Tan
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:188
  19. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a considerable public health problem, which has caused a burden on health systems in many countries. Despite the existence of multiple studies on the different digestive symptoms and...

    Authors: Fernando Sierra-Arango, Cathalina Vergara-Cabra, Mariana Vásquez-Roldan and Erika D. Pérez-Riveros
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:187
  20. In contrast to adults, for whom guidelines on the cholelithiasis treatment exist, there is no consistent treatment of pediatric patients with cholelithiasis throughout national and international departments, m...

    Authors: Sonja Diez, Hanna Müller, Christel Weiss, Vera Schellerer and Manuel Besendörfer
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:186
  21. Since December 2019, China has experienced a public health emergency from the coronavirus disease, which has become a pandemic and is impacting the care of cancer patients worldwide. This study evaluated the i...

    Authors: Yun Xu, Zong-Hao Huang, Charlie Zhi-Lin Zheng, Cong Li, Yu-Qin Zhang, Tian-An Guo, Fang-Qi Liu and Ye Xu
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:185
  22. TAS-102 plus bevacizumab is an anticipated combination regimen for patients who have metastatic colorectal cancer. However, evidence supporting its use for this indication is limited. We compared the cost-effe...

    Authors: Kiyoaki Sugiura, Yuki Seo, Takayuki Takahashi, Hideyuki Tokura, Yasuhiro Ito, Motomu Tanaka, Norihiro Kishida, Yusuke Nishi, Yoshihiko Onishi and Hikaru Aoki
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:184
  23. Portal hepatic schwannoma is a rare benign tumor and difficult to diagnose preoperatively because of its rarity and imaging manifestations that mimic malignancy. We present a case of portal hepatic schwannoma ...

    Authors: Maki Amano, Yasuo Amano, Ryo Takagi, Xiaoyan Tang, Yuko Omori and Masahiro Okada
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:183
  24. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are effective treatment methods for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is still a lack of clinical research on ...

    Authors: Liangliang Yan, Yanqiao Ren, Kun Qian, Xuefeng Kan, Hongsen Zhang, Lei Chen, Bin Liang and Chuansheng Zheng
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:182
  25. In general, all virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are involved in its infections. However, recent studies have shown that the homB gene is one of the virulence genes that affects the severity o...

    Authors: Masoud Keikha and Mohsen Karbalaei
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:181
  26. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 20–30% of the general adult population. NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at an increased risk of advanced fibrosis, which puts them at r...

    Authors: Patrik Nasr, Fredrik Iredahl, Nils Dahlström, Karin Rådholm, Pontus Henriksson, Gunnar Cedersund, Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard, Tino Ebbers, Joakim Alfredsson, Carl-Johan Carlhäll, Peter Lundberg, Stergios Kechagias and Mattias Ekstedt
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:180
  27. Acute pancreatitis (AP) lacks targeted prevention and treatment measures. Some key points in the pathogenesis of AP remain unclear, such as early activation of pancreatic enzymes. Several recent reports have s...

    Authors: Kun Li, Hongling Yin, Yi Duan, Peizhen Lai, Yancheng Cai and Youzhen Wei
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:178
  28. Predicting imminent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in liver cirrhotic patients is an unmet medical need. We aimed to investigate circulatory biomarkers and their optimum combinations in a prospective study.

    Authors: Kung-Hao Liang, Ming-Wei Lai, Yang-Hsiang Lin, Yu-De Chu, Chih-Lang Lin, Wey-Ran Lin, Ya-Hui Huang, Tong-Hung Wang, Rong-Nan Chien, Tsung-Hui Hu and Chau-Ting Yeh
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:177
  29. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a relatively safe and convenient mode of treatment for ureteral and renal stones, despite its relative safety; ESWL is not without its complications. We present ...

    Authors: Elaine N. Gitonga and Haitao Shen
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:176
  30. There is a lack of studies regarding the optimal timing for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with cholangitis caused by distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). This study a...

    Authors: Namyoung Park, Sang Hyub Lee, Min Su You, Joo Seong Kim, Gunn Huh, Jung Won Chun, In Rae Cho, Woo Hyun Paik, Ji Kon Ryu and Yong-Tae Kim
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:175
  31. Prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global priority, with many countries conducting population-based CRC screening programs. Although colonoscopy is the most accurate diagnostic meth...

    Authors: Chang Woo Kim, Hyunjin Kim, Hyoung Rae Kim, Bong-Hyeon Kye, Hyung Jin Kim, Byung Soh Min, Tae Jeong Oh, Sungwhan An and Suk-Hwan Lee
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:173
  32. Physical activity may affect disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We used a survey to investigate this association and performed interviews to get a better understanding of patient exp...

    Authors: Carlijn R. Lamers, Nicole M. de Roos, Lola J. M. Koppelman, Maria T. E. Hopman and Ben J. M. Witteman
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:172
  33. The prevalence of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and emerging as a global health burden. In addition to environmental factors, numerous studies have shown that genetic factors play an ...

    Authors: Yang fan Li, Jing Zheng, He wei Peng, Xiao lin Cai, Xin ting Pan, Hui quan Li, Qi zhu Hong, Zhi jian Hu, Yun li Wu and Xian-E. Peng
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:171
  34. Causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression include visceral fat accumulation and loss of muscle mass; however, which of the two phenomena is more critical is unclear. Therefore, we intende...

    Authors: Teruki Miyake, Masumi Miyazaki, Osamu Yoshida, Sayaka Kanzaki, Hironobu Nakaguchi, Yoshiko Nakamura, Takao Watanabe, Yasunori Yamamoto, Yohei Koizumi, Yoshio Tokumoto, Masashi Hirooka, Shinya Furukawa, Eiji Takeshita, Teru Kumagi, Yoshio Ikeda, Masanori Abe…
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:170
  35. Surgical resection remains the best option for long-term survival in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, surgery can lead to tumor cell release into the circulation. Previous studies have also shown that surgery...

    Authors: Xing-Xing Liu, Jun Su, Yuan-yuan Long, Miao He and Zhao-Qiong Zhu
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:169
  36. Colorectum diversion with a proximal stoma is often the preferred surgical approach in patients with Crohn's disease-related anorectal lesions or refractory colitis. To date, few studies have assessed the inci...

    Authors: Hirosuke Kuroki, Akira Sugita, Kazutaka Koganei, Kenji Tatsumi, Ryo Futatsuki, Eiichi Nakao, Nao Obara and Katsuhiko Arai
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:168
  37. Defects in interleukin 10 (IL10) and its receptors are particularly involved in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD). However, large fragment deletions of IL10 receptor A (IL10RA) are rare.

    Authors: Zifei Tang, Ping Zhang, Min Ji, Chunlan Yin, Ruiqin Zhao, Zhiheng Huang and Ying Huang
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:167
  38. Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a major nosocomial pathogen that infects the human gut and can cause diarrheal disease. A dominant risk factor is antibiotic treatment that disrupts the normal gut micro...

    Authors: Dana Binyamin, Orna Nitzan, Maya Azrad, Zohar Hamo, Omry Koren and Avi Peretz
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:166
  39. Amyand’s hernia was an unusual condition defined by the presence of an appendix located in the inguinal hernia sac. Its prevalence was 1% of all inguinal hernia in children. The clinical manifestation of Amyan...

    Authors: Supangat, Henggar Allest Pratama, Nanda Eka Sri Sejati, Brenda Desy Romadhon and Ina Sulistyani
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:165
  40. Hydatid cysts are parasitic zoonoses that often occur in the liver. Pancreatic hydatid cysts are very rare and are usually misdiagnosed as pancreatic cystadenomas. At present, surgical resection combined with ...

    Authors: Yilei Wu, Jun Gong, Wei Xiong, Xiaojiong Yu and Xiangyu Lu
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:164
  41. Deficiency of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase, encoded by CYP7B1, is associated with fatal infantile progressive intrahepatic cholestasis and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. Most reported patients with CYP7B1 muta...

    Authors: Yun-Ping Tang, Jing-Yu Gong, Kenneth D. R. Setchell, Wujuan Zhang, Jing Zhao and Jian-She Wang
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:163
  42. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas is a new disease concept defined by the World Health Organization in 2010. ITPN progresses with tubulopapillary growth in the pancreatic duct and is ...

    Authors: Atsushi Yamaguchi, Takuro Hamada, Kaoru Wada, Riho Moriuchi, Kanae Tao, Hirona Konishi, Yuzuru Tamaru, Ryusaku Kusunoki, Toshio Kuwai, Hirotaka Kouno, Kohei Ishiyama, Naoto Hadano, Takeshi Sudo, Naoyuki Toyota, Junichi Zaitsu, Kazuya Kuraoka…
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:162
  43. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with recurrent episodes of debilitating symptoms negatively affecting work productivity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The use of bi...

    Authors: Niels Teich, Harald Grümmer, Eric Jörgensen, Thomas Liceni, Frank Holtkamp-Endemann, Tim Fischer and Susanne Hohenberger
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:161
  44. Defining clinical phenotypes provides opportunities for new diagnostics and may provide insights into early intervention and disease prevention. There is increasing evidence that patient-derived health data ma...

    Authors: Tianyun Liu, Lichy Han, Mera Tilley, Lovisa Afzelius, Mateusz Maciejewski, Scott Jelinsky, Chao Tian, Matthew McIntyre, Nan Bing, Kenneth Hung and Russ B. Altman
    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:160

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