Skip to main content
Download PDF

MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p are related to inflammatory bowel disease via regulating IL-10 and STAT3 signaling pathways

BMC Gastroenterology volume 22, Article number: 492 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. Although the actual etiology of IBD remains unclear, growing evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells-associated cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17A, are crucial for the occurrence of IBD. It has been reported that there is a positive association between miRNAs and IBD development. In this study, we investigated the roles of hsa-miRNA-374b-5p(miRNA-374b-5p) and hsa-miRNA-106a-5p(miRNA-106a-5p) in regulating IBD development.

Methods

Serum was obtained from vein blood of IBD patients and healthy controls, qRT-PCR was performed to study the expression of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of overexpression or inhibition of miRNA-374b-5p on naïve CD4 + T cell subsets differentiation from vein blood of healthy controls by RT-qPCR, flow cytometry and western blot. And more the prediction and confirmation of the targeting genes of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p were performed by bioinformatics softwares and dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

The results showed that miRNA-106a-5p and miRNA-374b-5p were significantly overexpressed in IBD patients. MiRNA-374b-5p could enhance Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and was related to IBD pathogenesis. MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression induced the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ, and suppressed that of IL-10 in T cells. MiRNA-374b-5p inhibition decreased the mRNA expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ, while upregulated that of IL-10 in T cells. These qPCR data were further verified at protein level by western blotting and flow cytometry. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay indicated that miRNA-374b-5p was directly targeted by IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine for preventing the occurrence of IBD. Meanwhile, STAT3 was identified as a target gene of miRNA-106a-5p by DLR assays. Further analysis revealed that miRNA-374b-5p regulated JAK1 and STAT3 pathways in CD4+ T cells via IL-10/STAT3 axis. MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression remarkably decreased the mRNA expression and phosphorylated (ser-727) protein levels of STAT3, while miRNA-374b-5p inhibition had the opposite effects.

Conclusion

MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p may contribute to IBD development by regulating IL-10/STAT3 signal transduction.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a frequent gastrointestinal disease worldwide, which can affect any part of the digestive tract [1]. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the rate of IBD is increased every year, and there is currently no specific treatment for this disease [2]. IBD pathogenesis is a result of the interplay between environmental, genetic and immune response factors. [3]. Immune dysregulation regulated by CD4+ T cells is believed to be a key player in the pathogenesis of IBD [4, 5]. Growing evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells-associated cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17A, are involved in the development of IBD [6, 7].

Although T helper (Th1)-associated immune response is involved in chronic IBD inflammation, it is believed that a complex interaction between different inflammatory cytokines may be responsible for the pathogenesis of IBD. In recent years, Th17 infiltrating cells have gained considerable attention due to their upregulated expression in CD patients and experimental colitis model [8]. Mice lacking IL-10 and IL-10Rα are more likely to develop spontaneous colitis, suggesting that IL-10 plays an essential role in the prevention of IBD [9, 10]. IL-10 was abundantly found in Th2 cells, which could inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines in Th1 cells. Abnormal expression of IL-10 is linked with a variety of immune-related disorders, including asthma, cancer, IBD and rheumatoid arthritis [11]. IL-10 can regulate the development of IBD by activating IL-10 and STAT3 pathways [12].

MicroRNA (miRNA) is known to function as a cytoplasmic regulator of gene expression [13, 14]. MiRNA is a type of non-coding RNA with an average 22 nucleotides in length, which plays crucial roles in mRNA splicing and post-transcriptional modification [15, 16]. At present, at least 100 miRNAs are abnormally expressed in both adaptive and innate immune cells [17,18,19]. It has been reported that some miRNAs can regulate immune cell development and immune responses, which are critical for the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders [14, 20]. Previous research has shown that there is a positive association between miRNA regulatory mechanisms and IBD development. Distinct miRNA expression profiles have been identified in the peripheral blood and tissue samples of IBD patients [13]. Among the studied miRNAs, miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p have attracted substantial interest due to their regulatory effects on immune functions and IBD development.

This study aimed to determine the serum expression levels of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p in IBD patients, and explore their roles in the regulation of inflammatory responses. The findings demonstrated that miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p were remarkably overexpressed in IBD patients, and miRNA-374b-5p could enhance Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and was related to IBD pathogenesis. In addition, miRNA-374b-5p was directly targeted by IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine for preventing the occurrence of IBD [6, 21].

Materials and methods

Subject recruitment

IBD patients were recruited from the Gastroenterology Department of the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region between December 2019 and December 2021. This study included 15 CD patients (6 remission and 9 active) and 34 UC patients (12 remission and 22 active) in accordance with the diagnostic criteria established by American College of Gastroenterology in 2010 [22]. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2020-KY-044). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Prior to enrollment, all patients had no neoplastic diseases, infectious diseases or other autoimmune diseases and did not receive biological agents, immunosuppressive agents or corticosteroids. The severity of IBD was evaluated in accordance with the international standard criteria, including Mayo scores for UC patients and CD activity index for CD patients. Whole blood and serum samples were collected from 30 healthy volunteers as normal control group. No obvious differences in age and gender (all P > 0.05) were found between the patient and control groups (Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline information of IBD patients and healthy controls
Full size table

Preparation of CD4+ T cells

Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood specimens of IBD patients and control subjects via Ficoll-Paque™ Plus density centrifugation (GE Healthcare Bio-Science, USA). Human-lymphocyte-cell-separation-medium kit (Solarbio Life Sciences, China) was used to further isolate PBMCs by following the kit’s protocol. Then, CD4+T cell isolation was performed by magnetically activated cell sorting using the human naïve CD4+T cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany). Flow cytomerty was conducted to assess the purity of CD4+ T cells (> 95%). The cells were then cultured in T-cell expansion medium (Thermo-Fisher) containing 15% FBS and 100 g/mL penicillin–streptomycin. The naïve CD4+ T cells were assigned to miRNA-374b-5p mimic (50 nmol/mL; Qiagen, 219,600) group, miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor (200 nmol/mL; Qiagen, 219,300) group, negative control (NC) group and blank group, and transfected for 4 h with Hiperfect Transfection Reagent (Qiagen) by following the kit’s protocols. Finally, the transfected cells were exposed to 1 μg/mL anti-CD28 and 1 μg/mL anti-CD3(eBioscience) at 37 °C for 48 h.

RT-qPCR

RNA extraction of serum samples was performed with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) using the kit’s protocol. MiRNA-specific reverse transcription was conducted on the ABI 7500 fast RT-PCR system (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) using the miRNA-X™ miRNA First-Strand Synthesis Kit (Takara). The RT-qPCR primer sequences of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p were synthesized from Qiagen. U6 was employed as a reference standard. U6, forward: 5’-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3’; reverse: 5’-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3’. The 2 –ΔΔCt method was employed to calculate the relative level of each miRNA (Additional file 1: WB original images).

RNA extraction of CD4+T cells was performed with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) by following the kit’s protocols. The expression levels of target genes were determined by RT-qPCR using the PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix (Takara) and TB Green™ Advantage qPCR Premix (Takara). The primer sequences were designed using the Primer-BLAST tool (Table 2). After normalization against GAPDH, the 2 –ΔΔCt method was utilized to calculate the mRNA expression of each gene.

Table 2 The primer sequences of genes for RT-qPCR
Full size table

Bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p

Potential target of miRNA-374b-5p was sorted using the MIRDB (mirdb.org) and TargetScan (targetscan.org). IL-10 was identified as the target gene of miRNA-374b-5p, which could be related to inflammation and IBD. For the DLR assays, HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with the pmirGLO firefly LR plasmids with the wild-type (WT) or mutated untranslated region (MUT 3’ UTR) of IL-10, together with miRNA-374b-5p mimic or NC and Renilla LR to normalize data. Meanwhile, the potential target gene of miRNA-106a-5p was STAT3, which could be related to the development of IBD. For the DLR assay, HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with the psiCHECK-2 firefly LR plasmids with the WT or MUT 3’ UTR of STAT3, together with miRNA-106a-5p mimic or NC and Renilla LR to normalize data.

After 2 days, the luciferase activities were detected using the DLR Assay System. The cells transfected with psiCHECK-2 control vector or pmirGLO control vector. All values represent the mean and standard deviation (SD) of separate transfection.

Differentiation of T cells

Naïve CD4+ T cells (5 × 105 cells per well) were grown in a 96-well plate containing T cell expansion medium (Thermo-Fisher) at 37 °C and 5% CO2, and then transfected with miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor (200 nmol/mL; Qiagen) and miRNA-374b-5p mimic (50 nmol/mL; Qiagen) using the Hiperfect Transfection Reagent (Qiagen). MiScript NC siRNA (Qiagen) was employed as a control. After 4 h, T cell differentiation was performed in using 48-well plates different cytokine regimens according to a previous method [23]. For Th1, the transfected cells were incubated with complete RPMI, plate-bound 1 μg/mL anti-CD3 and 1 μg/mL soluble CD28 antibodies, 20 ng/mL IL-2, 10 ng/mL anti-IL-4 and 50 ng/mL IL-12 antibodies (BD Biosciences) for 96 h. For Th2, the cells were exposed to 1 μg/mL plate-bound anti-CD3 and 1 μg/mL anti-CD28 antibodies, 10 ng/mL IL-4, 20 ng/mL IL-2 and 10 ng/mL anti-IFN-γ antibodies (BD Biosciences) for 96 h. For Th17 cell differentiation, the transfected cells were incubated with complete RPMI, 1 μg/mL plate-bound anti-CD3 and 0.2 μg/mL soluble CD28 antibodies, 5 ng/mL TGF-β, 100 ng/mL IL-6, 50 ng/mL IL-23, 10 ng/mL anti-IL-4, and 10 ng/mL anti-IFN-γ antibodies (BD Biosciences) for 96 h.

Flow cytometric analysis

Cell Stimulation Cocktail plus Protein Transport Inhibitors (Invitrogen) were used to stimulate the cells for 6 h before intracellular staining. To determine the expression of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17A, the transfected cells (0.5 × 106 per wells) were stained using the Cell Fixation/Permeabilization Kit (Invitrogen) according to the kit’s protocol. After staining with anti-CD3/-CD4 antibodies, the cells were fixed at 4 °C for 30 min in the dark, permeabilized and stained again with fluorochrome-labelled anti-IFN-γ, -IL-10 and -IL-17A (BD Biosciences). Finally, the stained cells were evaluated using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences), and data analysis was conducted with FlowJoX software (Tree star, Inc.).

Western blotting

Total protein content was using a BCA assay kit (Thermo-Fisher). After separation through 8% SDS-PAGE, the protein samples were transferred onto PVDF membranes (0.45-µm, Amersham Biosciences). After blocking with 5% skimmed milk, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against JAK1(Wanleibio,A18323),IL-10(Wanleibio,WL03088), STAT3(Wanleibio,WL03207), p-STAT3 (ser727) (Wanleibio,WLP2412)and GAPDH (Abcam). After rinsing with TBS buffer, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated secondary antibodies (goat anti-rabbit antibody, Abcam). The protein levels of JAK1, IL-10, STAT3 and p‐STAT3 were quantified by Image software (NIH, USA).

Statistical analysis

All statistical tests were conducted with GraphPad Prism v7.0. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The differences between groups were compared by Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U tests. P-value of < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Results

Upregulated expression of miRNA-106a-5p and miRNA-374b-5p in CD and UC patients

RT-qPCR was employed to determine the serum expression levels of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p in IBD patients and control subjects. The results demonstrated that miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p were remarkably overexpressed in UC patients and CD patients compared to control subjects (Fig. 1A, B).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The RT-qPCR detection of miRNA-374b-5p A and miRNA-106a-5p B in healthy controls and  IBD samples (n = 30; A-UC, n = 22; R-UC, n = 12; A-CD, n = 9; R-CD, n = 6) (***P < 0.001)

Full size image

MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition upregulates and downregulates IFN-γ and IL-17A, while downregulates and upregulates IL-10, STAT3 and JAK1 in CD4+ T cells, respectively

To assess the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, STAT3 and JAK1 in CD4+ T cells treated with miRNA-374b-5p mimic, RT-qPCR assays were carried out. The expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A were remarkably increased in miRNA-374b-5p mimic-transfected cells compared to NCs (Fig. 2A, B), while those of IL-10, and STAT3, JAK1 were markedly downregulated (Fig. 2C, D, E) in miRNA-374b-5p mimic-transfected cells compared to NCs (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). In addition, the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A were remarkably decreased in miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor-transfected cells compared to NCs, respectively (Fig. 3A, B), while those of IL-10 and STAT3 were markedly elevated in miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor-transfected cells compared to NCs, respectively (Fig. 3C, D; all P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of JAK1 was slightly upregulated compared to NCs, but no significant difference was observed (Fig. 3E; NS).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Naïve CD4+ T cells were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28, and then transfected miRNA-374b-5p mimics. After 2 days, the mRNA levels of IFN-γ A, IL-17A B, IL-10 C, STAT3 D and JAK1 E were detected by RT-qPCR. (*P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001)

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Naïve CD4+ T cells were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28, and then transfected miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor. After 2 days, the mRNA levels of IFN-γ A, IL-17A B, IL-10 C, STAT3 D and JAK1 E were detected by RT-qPCR. (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; NS, not significant)

Full size image

MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p directly target IL-10 and STAT3, respectively, by DLR assays

From the results of miRDB and TargetScan, there were binding sequences between IL-10 and miRNA-374b-5p (Fig. 4A). The results of DLR assays showed that miRNA-374b-5p bound and interacted with the 3'-UTR of IL-10. Co-transfection of miRNA-374b-5p mimic and WT-IL-10 significantly decreased the luciferase activities, while that of miRNA-374b-5p mimic and MUT-IL-10 did not affect the luciferase activities compared to the NC group (Fig. 4B). Similarly, there were binding sequences between STAT3 and miRNA-106a-5p (Fig. 4C). The results of DLR assays also confirmed that miRNA-106a-5p mimic obviously reduced the luciferase activities of WT-STAT3 but not MUT-STAT3, implying that miRNA-106a-5p could be directly targeted by STAT3 (Fig. 4D).

Fig. 4
figure 4

IL-10 is directly targeted by miRNA-374b-5p. A Sequence alignment of miRNA-374b-5p with reverse complementary IL-10. B DLR assay was performed using pmirGLO vector constructed with WT IL-10 or MUT IL-10 in the presence of miRNA-374b-5p mimic or NC. Decreases in Renilla luciferase were detected (**P < 0.01). C STAT3 is directly targeted by miRNA-106a-5p. Sequence alignment of miRNA-106a-5p with reverse complementary STAT3. D DLR assay was performed using psiCHECK-2 vector constructed with WT STAT3 or MUT STAT3 in the presence of miRNA-106a-5p mimics or NC. Decreases in Renilla luciferase were detected (**P < 0.01)

Full size image

MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition promotes and suppresses the differentiation of human naïve cells into Th1 and Th17 subsets, while decreases and increases the levels of IL-10, respectively

Given the upregulated expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in anti-CD3/anti-CD28-stimulated naïve T cells, the effects of miRNA-374b-5p on T cell differentiation were further investigated. It was observed that the differentiation of miRNA-374b-5p mimic-transfected T cells to IFN-γ-producing Th1 subtype (Fig. 5A) and IL-17A-producing Th17 cells (Fig. 5B) was enhanced compared to NC-transfected T cells. In contrast, the differentiation of miRNA-374b-5p mimic-transfected T cells to IL-10-producing Th2 cells was attenuated compared to NC-transfected T cells (Fig. 5C). Moreover, the differentiation rate of miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor-transfected T cells to IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells was significantly reduced compared to NC group (Fig. 5D). Similarly, the differentiation rate of miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor-transfected T cells to IL-17A-producing Th17 cells was also decreased compared to NC group, but no significant difference was observed (Fig. 5E). Conversely, the differentiation rate of miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor-transfected T cells to IL-10-producing Th2 cells was significantly increased compared to NC group (Fig. 5F). These findings indicate that miRNA-374b-5p can promote naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cell subsets.

Fig. 5
figure 5figure 5

MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition affect the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. MiRNA-374b-5p mimic or NC was transfected into T cells, followed by Th1, Th2 and Th17 activation and polarization. The proportions IFN-γ A, IL-17A B and IL-10 C in T cells. MiRNA-374b-5p inhibitor or NC was transfected into CD4+ T cells, followed by Th1, Th2 and Th17 activation and polarization. The proportions IFN-γ D, IL-17A E and IL-10 F in T cells. (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; NS, not significant)

Full size image

MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition decreases and increases the protein levels of IL-10 and p-STAT3 (Ser727), respectively, but not the protein levels of JAK1 and STAT3

Given the upregulated and downregulated expression of STAT3 and IL-10 in miRNA-374b-5p mimic and inhibitor, respectively, the effects of miRNA-374b-5p on STAT3 and IL-10 protein expression were also investigated. The purified T cells were transfected with miRNA-374b-5p mimic or inhibitor, and then stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies. The results of Western blotting indicated that the protein levels of IL-10 were remarkably decreased and increased in miRNA-374b-5p mimic and inhibitor groups, respectively, compared to NC group (Fig. 6A). Meanwhile, the protein levels of JAK1 and STAT3 were not obviously different in miRNA-374b-5p mimic and inhibitor groups compared to NC group (Fig. 6B, C). However, the protein levels of p-STAT3 were markedly reduced in miRNA-374b-5p mimic groups and the protein levels of p-STAT3 were dramatically higher in miRNA-374b-5p inhibitor groups than in NC group (Fig. 6B).

Fig. 6
figure 6

MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition affect the protein levels of IL-10 and p-STAT3 (Ser727). A The protein expressions of IL-10 and β-actin were tested by Western blotting in miRNA-374b-5p mimic- and inhibitor-transfected CD4+ T cells compared to NC-transfected cells, and the relative gray values were analyzed. B The protein levels of STAT3, p-STAT3 and β-actin were tested by Western blotting in miRNA-374b-5p mimic- and inhibitor-transfected CD4+ T cells compared to NC-transfected cells, and the relative gray values were analyzed. C The protein levels of JAK1 and β-actin were tested by Western blotting in miRNA-374b-5p mimic- and inhibitor-transfected CD4+ T cells, and the relative gray values were analyzed. (***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; NS, not significant)

Full size image

Discussion

Many studies have suggested that CD4+ T cells are crucial for the development and progression of IBD, and CD4+ T cells-associated cytokines (e.g., IL-17A and IFN-γ) are overexpressed in the inflamed colonic mucosa of IBD patients [20, 24, 25]. However, the exact mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of CD4+ T cells on IBD remains largely unknown [26]. MiRNA play an important role in regulating a wide variety of biological processes such as T cell activation and homeostasis [18, 27, 28]. Some miRNAs have been shown to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis by regulating Th1/Th17-associated immune responses, and exhibit potential clinical implications in the treatment of colitis [15, 29].

In this study, the serum expression levels of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p were remarkably upregulated in CD and UC patients compared to normal subjects, indicating that these two miRNAs may have transient roles in regulating IBD inflammatory responses. Next, the effects of miRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition were determined in the Th1/Th17 subsets of T cells. It was observed that miRNA-374b-5p overexpression remarkably upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ. Meanwhile, miRNA-374b-5p inhibition markedly downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of IFN-γ, and the mRNA expression of IL-17A. This implies that miRNA-374b-5p can enhance the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells.

IBD is associated with an uncontrolled IFN-γ-regulated immune response to gut microbiota. IL-10 may be involved in the control of such T cell response, but the exact mechanism is still unknown [30]. Based on the bioinformatic data obtained from miRDB and TargetScan, IL-10 was identified as a potential target gene of miRNA-374b-5p. MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression and inhibition significantly decreased and increased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-10, respectively. In addition, the results of DLR assays also verified that miRNA-374b-5p mimic significantly reduced the luciferase activity of WT-IL-10 but not MUT-IL-10, indicating that miRNA-374b-5p could be directly targeted by IL-10.

IL-10 is known as anti-inflammatory cytokine generated by Th2 lymphocytes and Treg cells, which plays an essential role in the orchestration of gastrointestinal homeostasis and immune tolerance [31, 32]. Previous in vivo experiments have demonstrated that IL-10 can promote and maintain intestinal tolerance to microbiota by modulating Th1/Th17 effector responses [30, 33]. IL-10 also plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis [34]. Defects of IL-10, IL-10-receptor-A and IL-10-receptor-B genes represent a major cause of early-onset IBD [35, 36]. Furthermore, mice with lacking IL-10 and IL-10R are more likely to develop spontaneous colitis [21, 33, 37, 38].

MiRNA-374b-5p could promote the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to Th1 and Th17 cells by targeting IL-10, leading to elevated inflammation responses and might be related to inflammation status in IBD patients. The results of DLR assays also verified that miRNA-106a-5p mimic remarkably decreased the luciferase activity of WT-STAT3 but not MUT-STAT3, implying that miRNA-106-5p could be directly targeted by STAT3. Considering that the serum expression levels of miRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p are upregulated in IBD patients, these two miRNAs may interact with each other and play a crucial role in IBD development by regulating IL-10 and STAT3 pathways.

The binding of IL-10 with its receptor triggers its cellular effect through JAK and STAT pathways, which subsequently increases the expression of immunosuppression-related genes. Like other STATs, STAT3 is mostly activated by phosphorylation of its tyrosine and serine residues (ser-727) via signaling from upstream regulators. STAT3 is activated through phosphorylation and subsequently translocated into the nucleus to activate the downstream target genes [39, 40]. Specific deletion of STAT3 in epithelial cells could augment dextran sodium sulfate-induced epithelial erosion and promote IBD development by promoting the proliferation and survival of intestinal epithelial cells [6]. IL-10 also activated STAT3 through STAT3 phosphorylation, which in turn activates JAK1 and STAT3 pathways [40].

In addition, miRNA-374b-5p was found to mediate JAK1 and STAT3 pathways. Both JAK1 and STAT3 pathways have been shown to regulate the pathogenesis of IBD. Hence, we speculate that miRNA-374b-5p may affect CD4+ T cell function by targeting IL-10, JAK1 and STAT3 pathways. Further analysis revealed that JAK1 and STAT3 pathways were regulated by miRNA-374b-5p in CD4+ T cells via IL-10/STAT3 axis. MiRNA-374b-5p overexpression remarkably downregulated the mRNA expression and phosphorylated (ser-727) protein level of STAT3, while miRNA-374b-5p inhibition had the opposite effects. In summary, this study provides new evidence for the mechanisms by which miRNA-374b-5p regulates CD4+ T cell function, which may have the potential to clarify the pathogenesis of IBD.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Jung H, Kim JS, Lee KH, Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Smith L, Koyanagi A, Jacob L, Li H, et al. Roles of microRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(8):2112–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Altaf-Ul-Amin M, Karim MB, Hu P, Ono N, Kanaya S. Discovery of inflammatory bowel disease-associated miRNAs using a novel bipartite clustering approach. BMC Med Genomics. 2020;13(Suppl 3):10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Kondo A, Ma S, Lee M, Ortiz V, Traum D, Schug J, Wilkins B, Terry N, Lee H, Kaestner K. Highly multiplexed image analysis of intestinal tissue sections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1940.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wen S, He L, Zhong Z, Zhao R, Weng S, Mi H, Liu F. Stigmasterol restores the balance of Treg/Th17 cells by activating the butyrate-PPARgamma axis in colitis. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 741934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Lechner K, Mott S, Al-Saifi R, Knipfer L, Wirtz S, Atreya R, Vieth M, Rath T, Fraass T, Winter Z, et al. Targeting of the Tec kinase ITK drives resolution of T cell-mediated colitis and emerges as potential therapeutic option in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(4):1270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Friedrich M, Pohin M, Powrie F. Cytokine networks in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Immunity. 2019;50(4):992–1006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang X, He Q, Guo Z, Xiong F, Li Y, Pan Y, Gao C, Li L, He C. MicroRNA-425 facilitates pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation by targeting forkhead box O1 (Foxo1) and is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;496(2):352–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh UP, Murphy AE, Enos RT, Shamran HA, Singh NP, Guan H, Hegde VL, Fan D, Price RL, Taub DD, et al. miR-155 deficiency protects mice from experimental colitis by reducing T helper type 1/type 17 responses. Immunology. 2014;143(3):478–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Sanctuary MR, Huang RH, Jones AA, Luck ME, Aherne CM, Jedlicka P, de Zoeten EF, Collins CB. miR-106a deficiency attenuates inflammation in murine IBD models. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12(1):200–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Karthikeyan A, Young KN, Moniruzzaman M, Beyene AM, Do K, Kalaiselvi S, Min T. Curcumin and its modified formulations on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): the story so far and future outlook. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(4):484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Takuse Y, Watanabe M, Inoue N, Ozaki R, Ohtsu H, Saeki M, Katsumata Y, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y. Association of IL-10-regulating MicroRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Immunol Invest. 2017;46(6):590–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schmetterer KG, Pickl WF. The IL-10/STAT3 axis: Contributions to immune tolerance by thymus and peripherally derived regulatory T-cells. Eur J Immunol. 2017;47(8):1256–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kalla R, Adams AT, Ventham NT, Kennedy NA, White R, Clarke C, Ivens A, Bergemalm D, Vatn S, Lopez-Jimena B, et al. Whole blood profiling of T-cell derived miRNA allows the development of prognostic models in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14(12):1724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhao J, He Z, Wang J. MicroRNA-124: a key player in microglia-mediated inflammation in neurological diseases. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15: 771898.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Shi Y, Dai S, Qiu C, Wang T, Zhou Y, Xue C, Yao J, Xu Y. MicroRNA-219a-5p suppresses intestinal inflammation through inhibiting Th1/Th17-mediated immune responses in inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol. 2020;13(2):303–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lai C, Yeh K, Liu B, Chang T, Chang C, Liao Y, Liu Y, Her G. MicroRNA-21 plays multiple oncometabolic roles in colitis-associated carcinoma and colorectal cancer via the PI3K/AKT, STAT3, and PDCD4/TNF-α signaling pathways in zebrafish. Cancers. 2021;13(21):5565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Rodriguez-Galan A, Fernandez-Messina L, Sanchez-Madrid F. Control of immunoregulatory molecules by miRNAs in T cell activation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Garavelli S, De Rosa V, de Candia P. The multifaceted interface between cytokines and microRNAs: an ancient mechanism to regulate the good and the bad of inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Scalavino V, Liso M, Cavalcanti E, Gigante I, Lippolis A, Mastronardi M, Chieppa M, Serino G. miR-369-3p modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase and is involved in regulation of chronic inflammatory response. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):15942.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kastle M, Bartel S, Geillinger-Kastle K, Irmler M, Beckers J, Ryffel B, Eickelberg O, Krauss-Etschmann S. microRNA cluster 106a–363 is involved in T helper 17 cell differentiation. Immunology. 2017;152(3):402–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Wu Q, Xie S, Zhu Y, Chen J, Tian J, Xiong S, Wu C, Ye Y, Peng Y. Wogonin strengthens the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in DSS-induced colitis via promoting IL-10 production. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:5527935.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Pei XF, Cao LL, Huang F, Qiao X, Yu J, Ye H, Xi CL, Zhou QC, Zhang GF, Gong ZL. Role of miR-22 in intestinal mucosa tissues and peripheral blood CD4+ T cells of inflammatory bowel disease. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(8):1095–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Farideh Talebi SG. Wing Fuk Chan, Farshid Noorbakhsh: MicroRNA-142 regulates inflammation and T cell differentiation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroinflammatio. 2017;14:55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Harbour SN, Maynard CL, Zindl CL, Schoeb TR, Weaver CT. Th17 cells give rise to Th1 cells that are required for the pathogenesis of colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(22):7061–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Osorio-Barrios F, Navarro G, Campos J, Ugalde V, Prado C, Raich I, Contreras F, Lopez E, Espinoza A, Lladser A, et al. The heteromeric complex formed by dopamine receptor D5 and CCR9 leads the gut homing of CD4(+) T cells upon inflammation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;12(2):489–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Nie J, Zhao Q. Lnc-ITSN1-2, derived from RNA sequencing, correlates with increased disease risk, activity and promotes CD4 T cell activation, proliferation and Th1/Th17 cell differentiation by serving as a ceRNA for IL-23R via sponging miR-125a in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:852.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Inácio DP, Amado T, Silva-Santos B, Gomes AQ. Control of T cell effector functions by miRNAs. Cancer Lett. 2018;427:63–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Omidbakhsh A, Saeedi M, Khoshnia M, Marjani A, Hakimi S. Micro-RNAs -106a and -362-3p in peripheral blood of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Open Biochem J. 2018;12:78–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhou R, Chang Y, Liu J, Chen M, Wang H, Huang M, Liu S, Wang X, Zhao Q. JNK pathway-associated phosphatase/DUSP22 suppresses CD4(+) T-cell activation and Th1/Th17-cell differentiation and negatively correlates with clinical activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol. 2017;8:781.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Veenbergen S, Li P, Raatgeep HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Farrel A, Costes LMM, Joosse ME, van Berkel LA, de Ruiter LF, et al. IL-10 signaling in dendritic cells controls IL-1beta-mediated IFNgamma secretion by human CD4(+) T cells: relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12(5):1201–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Tachibana M, Watanabe N, Koda Y, Oya Y, Kaminuma O, Katayama K, Fan Z, Sakurai F, Kawabata K, Hiroi T, et al. Ablation of IL-17A leads to severe colitis in IL-10-deficient mice: implications of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and NO production. Int Immunol. 2020;32(3):187–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bo Liu D, S L Tonkonogy, and R Balfour Sartor: IL-10 produced by antigen presenting cells inhibits bacterialresponsive TH1/TH17 cells and suppresses colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2011;141(2): 653.

  33. Mas-Orea X, Sebert M, Benamar M, Petitfils C, Blanpied C, Saoudi A, Deraison C, Barreau F, Cenac N, Dietrich G. Peripheral opioid receptor blockade enhances epithelial damage in piroxicam-accelerated colitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Zheng W, Song H, Luo Z, Wu H, Chen L, Wang Y, Cui H, Zhang Y, Wang B, Li W, et al. Acetylcholine ameliorates colitis by promoting IL-10 secretion of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells through the nAChR/ERK pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(11):2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ruiz N, Kamel A, Liu X, Pham A, Forsmark C, Glover S. Failure to thrive: a severe manifestation of interleukin 10 receptor A mutation adult inflammatory bowel disease. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nut. 2021;46(1):238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Su W, Yu Y, Xu X, Wang XQ, Huang JB, Xu CD, Xiao Y. Valuable clinical indicators for identifying infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease patients with monogenic diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(1):92–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Okada Y, Tsuzuki Y, Sugihara N, Nishii S, Shibuya N, Mizoguchi A, Itoh S, Tanemoto R, Inaba K, Hanawa Y, et al. Novel probiotic yeast from miso promotes regulatory dendritic cell IL-10 production and attenuates DSS-induced colitis in mice. J Gastroenterol. 2021;56(9):829.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Abernathy-Close L, Barron MR, George JM, Dieterle MG, Vendrov KC, Bergin IL, Young VB: Intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease render mice susceptible to clostridioides difficile colonization and infection. mBio 2021; 12(3): 273320.

  39. Liu S, Zhang S, Lv X, Lu J, Ren C, Zeng Z, Zheng L, Zhou X, Fu H, Zhou D, et al. Limonin ameliorates ulcerative colitis by regulating STAT3/miR-214 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;75: 105768.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hedl M, Sun R, Huang C, Abraham C. STAT3 and STAT5 signaling thresholds determine distinct regulation for innate receptor-induced inflammatory cytokines, and STAT3/STAT5 disease variants modulate these outcomes. J Immunol. 2019;203(12):3325–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to EditSprings (https://www.editsprings.cn/) for the expert linguistic services provided.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2020AAC03333, 2022AAC03367).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

    Dongjie Li, Liyuan Liu, Wen Ma, Jing Zhang & Wenhua Piao

  2. College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

    Xiancai Du & Wenhua Piao

Authors
  1. Dongjie Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Liyuan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiancai Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wen Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jing Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Wenhua Piao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

DL and LL, XD were involved in material preparation, data collection, and analysis. DL wrote the first draft of the manuscript. WM and JZ were involved in figure preparation. WP revised the final manuscript carefully. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wenhua Piao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2020-KY-044), and was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1:

Western blotting original images.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, D., Liu, L., Du, X. et al. MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p are related to inflammatory bowel disease via regulating IL-10 and STAT3 signaling pathways. BMC Gastroenterol 22, 492 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-022-02533-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-022-02533-1

Keywords

BMC Gastroenterology

ISSN: 1471-230X

Contact us