Scalone L, Fagiuoli S, Ciampichini R, Gardini I, Bruno R, Pasulo L, Lucà MG, Fusco F, Gaeta L, Del Prete A, et al. The societal burden of chronic liver diseases: results from the COME study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2015;0(0):e000025.
Article
Google Scholar
Neff GW, Duncan CW, Schiff ER. The Current Economic Burden of Cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;7(10):661–71.
Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics: deaths registered in England and Wales (series DR), 2010. In: Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2011.
Google Scholar
Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, Camps-Walsh G, Cramp M, Dhawan A, Ferguson J, Forton D, Foster G, Gilmore I, et al. Addressing liver disease in the UK: a blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. Lancet (London, England). 2014;384(9958):1953–97.
Article
Google Scholar
Armstrong MJ, Houlihan DD, Bentham L, Shaw JC, Cramb R, Olliff S, Gill PS, Neuberger JM, Lilford RJ, Newsome PN. Presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a large prospective primary care cohort. J Hepatol. 2012;56(1):234–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(3):274–85.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, Adams LA, Bjornsson ES, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Mills PR, Keach JC, Lafferty HD, Stahler A, et al. Liver Fibrosis, but No Other Histologic Features, Is Associated With Long-term Outcomes of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):389–397.e310.
Article
Google Scholar
Ekstedt M, Hagström H, Nasr P, Fredrikson M, Stål P, Kechagias S, Hultcrantz R. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61(5):1547–54.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Verma S, Jensen D, Hart J, Mohanty SR. Predictive value of ALT levels for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver Int. 2013;33(9):1398–405.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lam B, Younossi ZM. Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2010;3(2):121–37.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lay CS, Tsai YT, Teg CY, Shyu WS, Guo WS, Wu KL, Lo KJ. Endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high-risk esophageal varices. Hepatology. 1997;25(6):1346–50.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004;130(7):417–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Srivastava A, Gailer R, Tanwar S, Trembling P, Parkes J, Rodger A, Suri D, Thorburn D, Sennett K, Morgan S, et al. Prospective evaluation of a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.033. [Epub ahead of print]
Sebastiani G. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases: Implementation in clinical practice and decisional algorithms. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(18):2190–203.
Article
Google Scholar
National Liver Plan. A time to act: improving liver health and outcomes in liver disease. In: BSG. BSG; 2009.
Google Scholar
Srivastava A, Gailer R, Tanwar S, Trembling P, Warner A, Morgan S, Sennett K, Thorburn D, Tsochatzis E, Rosenberg W. P1046 : A one year retrospective review of new patient attendances at a tertiary hepatology centre highlighting the increasing challenge of NAFLD and the need to develop clinical pathways. J Hepatol. 2015;62:S740.
Ratib S, Fleming KM, Crooks CJ, Aithal GP, West J. 1 and 5 year survival estimates for people with cirrhosis of the liver in England, 1998–2009: A large population study. J Hepatol. 2014;60(2):282–9.
McPherson S, Stewart SF, Henderson E, Burt AD, Day CP. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2010;59(9):1265–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Crossan C, Tsochatzis EA, Longworth L, Gurusamy K, Davidson B, Rodriguez-Peralvarez M, Mantzoukis K, O'Brien J, Thalassinos E, Papastergiou V, et al. Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive methods for assessment and monitoring of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess (Winchester, England). 2015;19(9):1–409 v-vi.
Article
Google Scholar
Guha IN, Parkes J, Roderick P, Chattopadhyay D, Cross R, Harris S, Kaye P, Burt AD, Ryder SD, Aithal GP, et al. Noninvasive markers of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Validating the European Liver Fibrosis Panel and exploring simple markers. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2008;47(2):455–60.
Article
Google Scholar
Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, Foucher J, Chan HL, Le Bail B, Choi PC, Kowo M, Chan AW, Merrouche W, et al. Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2010;51(2):454–62.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cobbold JFL, Raveendran S, Peake CM, Anstee QM, Yee MS, Thursz MR. Piloting a multidisciplinary clinic for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: initial 5-year experience. Frontline Gastroenterology. 2013;4(4):263–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Teli MR, James OF, Burt AD, Bennett MK, Day CP. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 1995;22(6):1714–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pais R, Charlotte F, Fedchuk L, Bedossa P, Lebray P, Poynard T, Ratziu V. A systematic review of follow-up biopsies reveals disease progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. J Hepatol. 2013;59(3):550–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, Thorelius L, Holmqvist M, Bodemar G, Kechagias S. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2006;44(4):865–73.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Adams LA, Lymp JF, St. Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P. The Natural History of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):113–21.
Article
Google Scholar
Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Mellemkjaer L, Thulstrup AM, Olsen JH, Baron JA, Sorensen HT. Prognosis of patients with a diagnosis of fatty liver--a registry-based cohort study. Hepato-gastroenterology. 2003;50(54):2101–4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pagadala MR, McCullough A. The Relevance of Liver Histology to Predict Clinically Meaningful Outcomes in NASH. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;16(3):487–504.
Article
Google Scholar
Bhala N, Angulo P, van der Poorten D, Lee E, Hui JM, Saracco G, Adams LA, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Topping JH, Bugianesi E, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis: an international collaborative study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2011;54(4):1208–16.
Article
Google Scholar
Adams LA, Sanderson S, Lindor KD, Angulo P. The histological course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a longitudinal study of 103 patients with sequential liver biopsies. J Hepatol. 2005;42(1):132–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Hui JM, Kench JG, Chitturi S, Sud A, Farrell GC, Byth K, Hall P, Khan M, George J. Long-term outcomes of cirrhosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with hepatitis C. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2003;38(2):420–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Sanyal AJ, Banas C, Sargeant C, Luketic VA, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Shiffman ML, Heuman D, Coterrell A, Fisher RA, et al. Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2006;43(4):682–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Fleming KM, Aithal GP, Card TR, West J. The rate of decompensation and clinical progression of disease in people with cirrhosis: a cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(11–12):1343–50.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ascha MS, Hanouneh IA, Lopez R, Tamimi TA-R, Feldstein AF, Zein NN. The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2010;51(6):1972–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Singal AG, Conjeevaram HS, Volk ML, Fu S, Fontana RJ, Askari F, Su GL, Lok AS, Marrero JA. Effectiveness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance in Patients with Cirrhosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012;21(5):793–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, Venkatesan C, Mishra A, Erario M, Hunt S. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62(6):1723–30.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, Bantel H, Bellentani S, Caballeria J, Colombo M, Craxi A, Crespo J, Day CP, et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J Hepatol. 2018;69(4):896–904.
Article
Google Scholar
Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(6):1413–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
D’Amico G. Natural History and Stages of Cirrhosis, vol. 1. New York: Springer New York; 2014.
Google Scholar
Reddy SK, Steel JL, Chen H-W, DeMateo DJ, Cardinal J, Behari J, Humar A, Marsh JW, Geller DA, Tsung A. Outcomes of curative treatment for hepatocellular cancer in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2012;55(6):1809–19.
Article
Google Scholar
Pons F, Varela M, Llovet JM. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB. 2005;7(1):35–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Spiegel BM, Esrailian E, Eisen G. The budget impact of endoscopic screening for esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(4):679–92.
Article
Google Scholar
Bosch J, Garcia-Pagan JC. Prevention of variceal rebleeding. Lancet (London, England). 2003;361(9361):952–4.
Article
Google Scholar
Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2007;46(3):922–38.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(4):e1001624.
Article
Google Scholar
Samonakis DN, Koulentaki M, Coucoutsi C, Augoustaki A, Baritaki C, Digenakis E, Papiamonis N, Fragaki M, Matrella E, Tzardi M, et al. Clinical outcomes of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis: A long term study. World J Hepatol. 2014;6(7):504–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, Carvalho F, Allaix D, Merrouche W, Couzigou P, de Ledinghen V. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2010;51(3):828–35.
Google Scholar
Curtis LA. Unit Costs of Health & Social Care 2013. Personal Social Service Research Unit; 2013.
Google Scholar
Thompson Coon J, Rogers G, Hewson P, Wright D, Anderson R, Cramp M, Jackson S, Ryder S, Price A, Stein K. Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess (Winchester, England). 2007;11(34):1–206.
CAS
Google Scholar
Longworth L, Young T, Buxton MJ, Ratcliffe J, Neuberger J, Burroughs A, Bryan S. Midterm cost-effectiveness of the liver transplantation program of England and Wales for three disease groups. Liver Transpl. 2003;9(12):1295–307.
Article
Google Scholar
Dyson JK, Anstee QM, McPherson S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to treatment. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2014;5(4):277–86.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mehrotra A, Forrest CB, Lin CY. Dropping the Baton: Specialty Referrals in the United States. Milbank Q. 2011;89(1):39–68.
Article
Google Scholar
Tanwar STP, Hogan B, Thorburn D, Guha I, Parkes I, Kaye P, Burt A, Ryder S, Aithal G, Day C, Rosenberg W. An algorithm combining direct and indirect liver fibrosis tests enhances diagnostic performance for the detection of advanced fibrosis (F3-4) in NAFLD minimising the need for liver biopsy. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2012;56:264A.
Google Scholar
Schmidt RL, Factor RE. Understanding sources of bias in diagnostic accuracy studies. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137(4):558–65.
Article
Google Scholar
Willis BH. Spectrum bias--why clinicians need to be cautious when applying diagnostic test studies. Fam Pract. 2008;25(5):390–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Heurtier A, Gombert S, Giral P, Bruckert E, Grimaldi A, Capron F, Poynard T. Sampling Variability of Liver Biopsy in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(7):1898–906.
Article
Google Scholar
Mahady SE, Wong G, Craig JC, George J. Pioglitazone and vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A cost utility analysis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2012;56(6):2172–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tapper EB, Hunink MG, Afdhal NH, Lai M, Sengupta N. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Risk Stratification of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) by the Primary Care Physician Using the NAFLD Fibrosis Score. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0147237.
Article
Google Scholar
Harman DJ, Ryder SD, James MW, Jelpke M, Ottey DS, Wilkes EA, Card TR, Aithal GP, Guha IN. Direct targeting of risk factors significantly increases the detection of liver cirrhosis in primary care: a cross-sectional diagnostic study utilising transient elastography. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e007516.
Article
Google Scholar
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): assessment and management; NICE guidelines (NG49). In National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2016. http//www.niceorg.uk/guidance/ng49.
Newsome PN, Cramb R, Davison SM, Dillon JF, Foulerton M, Godfrey EM, Hall R, Harrower U, Hudson M, Langford A, et al. Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018;67(1):6–19.
Article
Google Scholar