A gluten-free diet is the only available treatment for celiac disease. Our aim was to investigate the effect of a gluten-free diet on celiac disease related symptoms, health care consumption, and the risk of developing associated immune-mediated diseases.
Methods
A questionnaire was sent to 1,560 randomly selected members of the Swedish Society for Coeliacs, divided into equal-sized age- and sex strata; 1,031 (66%) responded. Self-reported symptoms, health care consumption (measured by health care visits and hospitalization days), and missed working days were reported both for the year prior to diagnosis (normal diet) and the year prior to receiving the questionnaire while undergoing treatment with a gluten-free diet. Associated immune-mediated diseases (diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatic disease, thyroid disease, vitiligo, alopecia areata and inflammatory bowel disease) were self-reported including the year of diagnosis.
Results
All investigated symptoms except joint pain improved after diagnosis and initiated gluten-free diet. Both health care consumption and missed working days decreased. Associated immune-mediated diseases were diagnosed equally often before and after celiac disease diagnosis.
Conclusions
Initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet improves the situation for celiac disease patients in terms of reduced symptoms and health care consumption. An earlier celiac disease diagnosis is therefore of great importance.
Background
In celiac disease (CD), gluten triggers an autoimmune reaction in the small intestinal mucosa which results in inflammation, villous atrophy, and malabsorption. A gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for CD, and it usually results in recovery of the small intestinal mucosa [1].
During the last 30 years the clinical spectrum of CD has changed from mainly being comprised of young children with overt malabsorption to often affecting adults, with mild or atypical symptoms, and some of those diagnosed with the disease are even asymptomatic [2]. Despite an increased awareness of symptoms related to CD, the delay from the first appearance of CD related symptoms to diagnosis is still long [3–5]. Economic consequences of CD for individuals and society have undergone little study. It has been shown, however, that the cost of food for CD patients is higher than for non-CD persons [6], and that women with CD consume more health care than other women [7]. CD diagnosis and treatment has also been shown to decrease the costs for medical care in the United States, suggesting that a diagnosis can convey economic savings for society [8, 9]. There is an association between CD and other immune-mediated diseases, with CD being more prevalent among diabetes mellitus type 1 and thyroid disease patients [10–12] and inflammatory bowel disease and thyroid disease being more prevalent among CD patients [13–15]. A protective effect of a gluten-free diet on the risk of developing these related diseases has been proposed [16, 17], but there is uncertainty in this regard [15, 18–20].
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a gluten-free diet on CD related symptoms, health care consumption, and the risk of developing associated immune-mediated diseases.
Methods
Study design
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey among Swedish adults with CD was performed during 2009 [5]. The questionnaire was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board at Umeå University and an English translation is available online at Biomed Central [21].
Subjects
We invited randomly selected members of the Swedish Society for Coeliacs to respond to a postal questionnaire administered by the Society, and when needed three reminders were sent. The Society represents about 60% of Swedish CD patients [5]. A questionnaire was sent to 65 males and 65 females with reported CD in five-year age intervals from 20 years of age and above (20–24, 25–29, …, 70–74, and 75 years or older), totaling 1,560 members. There were 1,031 (66%) eligible responses to the questionnaire. Members self-report their CD diagnosis when joining the Society. As the diagnosis is not verified by the Society, we used information from the questionnaire about how members were diagnosed (blood sample, biopsy, and/or diet change) and if they were recommended adherence to a gluten-free diet by a medical professional. We excluded 91 questionnaires where either a CD diagnosis could not be verified or age and/or sex were not consistent with information in the member register of the society [5]. We defined 288 responders as diagnosed due to screening of CD risk groups. For them the primary investigation for CD was based on a disease with a known relationship to CD or due to heredity for CD. Among responders, 96% reported a strict compliance with a gluten-free diet, 52% (n = 536) were women, and the mean age was 52 years (Table 1). More characteristics of the study population, as well as more details about inclusion criteria, are available in a previous publication from the questionnaire study [5]. Questionnaires were scanned and checked for consistency.
Table 1
Characteristics of celiac disease subjects
n
%
Mean
Median
Quartile
1st
3rd
Participants
1,031
Males/Females
495/536
48/52
Age when responding (years)
1,031
52
53
36
67
Age at diagnosis (years)
945
39
41
27
53
Duration of celiac disease diagnosis (years)a
945
10
13
5
19
Compliance with a gluten-free diet
1,025
Strict/Non-strict
979/46
96/4
a Members were invited based on entrance to society latest 1st of April 2009. Duration of celiac disease diagnosis was calculated as years ahead of 2009 that respondent was diagnosed.
The questionnaire
The questionnaire included sections covering self-reported symptoms, health care consumption, missed working days, and self-reported diseases. For each symptom (listed in Figure 1) there were five possible answers, which were dichotomized to major (”often” and ”always”) and minor severity (“never”, ”rarely”, and ”sometimes”). Health care consumption included number of health care visits, hospitalization days, and drug use. Missed working days also included missed school days and similar circumstances. For both symptoms, health care consumption, and missed working days the respondents were asked about the situation both the year prior to initiated treatment for CD, referred to as pre-treatment, as well as the year prior to responding to the questionnaire, referred to as today. Regarding drug use, respondents were asked if their CD diagnosis and gluten-free diet had resulted in them being able to stop taking any medication.
Figure 1
Proportion of celiac disease patients reporting major (“often” or “always”) symptoms the year prior to celiac disease diagnosis (pre-treatment) and after initiated gluten-free diet (today). Number of respondents for each symptom ranged between 879 and 949. Differences in symptoms pre-treatment and today were tested with the sign test.
Respondents reported whether they had the following immune-mediated diseases: diabetes (both insulin and non-insulin dependent; the latter is not autoimmune in nature), rheumatic disease, thyroid disease, vitiligo, alopecia areata, or inflammatory bowel disease. Regarding these diseases the respondents were also asked for the year of diagnosis. As respondents were asked about insulin or non-insulin dependent diabetes, we cannot with certainty differentiate between diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2.
Statistical analysis
Results are presented using descriptive statistics. The sign-test was used for comparisons between pre-treatment and today. Time between diagnoses was calculated as time from CD diagnosis to other disease diagnosis. When both diagnoses occurred during the same year, time was defined as 0 years. Differences in symptoms between members with a recent diagnosis (2005–2009) and members with earlier diagnosis were performed using Students t-test. Comparisons of health care visits, hospitalization days, and missed working days between the groups were performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. To test if a gluten-free diet might decrease the risk for associated diseases, the proportions of diagnoses of associated diseases before or during the same year as the CD diagnosis were compared with the proportions after CD diagnosis using Students t-test. We excluded comparisons for vitiligo and alopecia areata due to too few complete answers. Statistical significance was defined at the 5% level. Microsoft Access was used for data handling, while Stata 11.2 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX) was used for statistical analysis and figures.
Results
Symptoms
Pre-treatment, flatulence (64%) was the most commonly reported symptom, followed by fatigue (62%), soft stool (54%), and abdominal pain (53%). All investigated symptoms, except joint pain, improved after diagnosis and initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet (Figure 1). Today, flatulence and fatigue were also the most commonly reported symptoms for all participants, even those who did not report the symptom pre-treatment (Table 2). It was less common that participants without a specific symptom reported pre-treatment reported the symptom today than it was for participants who reported the symptom pre-treatment. There were improvements in all investigated symptoms in the screening-detected cases except joint pain and body pain. Due to too few cases, comparison between pre-treatment and today was not feasible for vomiting and hair loss in the screening-detected group. For recently diagnosed cases (2005–2009), all investigated symptoms except vomiting and hair loss, which were rare in our study population, improved after diagnosis. The only differences between recently diagnosed and those with an earlier CD diagnosis was that weight loss and vomiting were less common in the former pre-treatment, joint pain was more common for recently diagnosed cases pre-treatment, and nausea was less common for recently diagnosed cases today.
Table 2
Patients with symptomstoday, also presenting for patients asymptomaticpre-treatment
Symptom
All
Asymptomatica
nb
%b
na
nb
%b
Abdominal pain (n = 918)
81
8.8
432
14
3.2*
Flatulence (n = 897)
189
21
324
46
14*
Hard stool (n = 879)
95
11
708
43
6.1*
Soft stool (n = 926)
130
14
423
24
5.7*
Fatigue (n = 927)
202
22
349
42
12*
Weight loss (n = 903)
35
3.8
539
11
2.0*
Mood swings (n = 903)
56
6.2
689
13
1.9*
Depression (n = 913)
63
6.9
673
13
1.9*
Headache (n = 894)
77
8.6
742
21
2.8*
Joint pain (n = 897)
126
14
756
48
6.3*
Body pain (n = 897)
105
12
758
43
5.7*
Heartburn (n = 891)
51
5.7
691
16
2.3*
Nausea (n = 898)
26
2.9
762
12
1.6*
Vomiting (n = 910)
8
0.8
840
6
0.7
Skin rash (n = 898)
74
8.2
763
26
3.4*
Mouth ulcer (n = 904)
21
2.3
820
10
1.2*
Hair loss (n = 880)
20
2.3
843
9
1.1*
a Not reporting specific symptom pre-treatment.
b Reporting symptom today.
* Asymptomatic patients report fewer problems with symptom than symptomatic patients today.
Health care consumption
Participants reported more frequent health care visits pre-treatment (5.4 visits during the year) than today (3.7 visits during the year) (p < 0.001), more hospitalization days (2.3 days during the year) pre-treatment compared to today (0.7 days during the year) (p < 0.001), and more missed working days pre-treatment (7.2 days during the year) than today (2.5 days during the year) (p < 0.001) (Table 3). For screening-detected CD patients there were also reductions in health care visits, hospitalization days and missed working days between pre-treatment and today. For recently diagnosed patients (2005–2009) there were reductions in health care visits and missed working days, but not in hospitalization days. We observed significantly fewer hospitalization days pre-treatment and significantly fewer health care visits today for recently diagnosed patients as compared to patients earlier diagnosed. Thirteen percent of participants (n = 136) reported that they stopped taking at least one drug after their CD diagnosis.
Table 3
Health care consumptionpre-treatmentandtoday
Disease
Pre-treatment
Today
pa
n
Mean
Median
SD
Mean
Median
SD
All
Health care visits
814
5.4
3
7.8
3.7
2
8.0
<0.001
Hospitalization
836
2.3
0
8.5
0.7
0
4.0
<0.001
Missed working daysb
754
7.2
0
16
2.5
0
9.6
<0.001
Screening-detected casesc
Health care visits
144
4.8
2
9.0
4.1
1
9.9
0.001
Hospitalization
151
3.0
0
11
1.0
0
5.4
0.036
Missed working daysb
136
9.0
0
21
1.8
0
7.4
<0.001
Recent diagnosisd
Health care visits
202
5.0
3
7.1
4.3
2
8.8
<0.001
Hospitalization
200
0.62
0
2.7
0.36
0
1.8
0.860
Missed working daysb
188
7.5
0
17
3.4
0
13
<0.001
a Using the sign test.
b Also including missed school days and similar circumstances.
c Primary investigation started based on a disease with known relation to CD or due to heredity for CD.
d CD diagnosis between 2005 and 2009.
Self-reported immune-mediated diseases
At least one immune-mediated disease was reported by 256 (25%) of the study participants. Autoimmune thyroid disease, reported by 9.1%, was the most prevalent immune-mediated disease (Table 4). There was a predominance of females for rheumatic disease and autoimmune thyroid disease but not for other self-reported associated diseases. There was no difference in the frequency of being diagnosed prior to or after CD diagnosis for any of the associated diseases (Figure 2).
Table 4
Proportion of immune-mediated diseases and time development in relation to celiac disease (CD) diagnosis
All
Males
Females
pa
Before
Jointlyb
After
nc
pd
Diabetes, insulin
n
39
24
15
0.19
53%
6%
41%
32
0.29
%
3.8
4.8
2.8
Diabetes, non-insulin
n
24
17
7
0.04
20%
13%
67%
15
0.20
%
2.3
3.4
1.3
Rheumatic disease
n
80
19
61
<0.01
42%
8%
50%
48
1.00
%
7.8
3.8
11
Thyroid disease
n
94
19
75
<0.01
47%
15%
38%
68
0.05e
%
9.1
3.8
14
Vitiligo
n
39
16
23
0.24
72%
11%
17%
18
<0.01
%
3.8
3.2
4.3
Alopecia areata
n
19
11
8
0.52
62%
8%
31%
13
0.16
%
1.8
2.2
1.5
Inflammatory bowel disease
n
44
17
27
0.09
31%
27%
42%
26
0.43
%
4.3
3.4
5.0
Any immune-mediated diseasee
n
256
170
86
<0.01
n/af
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
%
25
32
17
a Comparing males with females using Students t-test.
b CD associated immune-mediated disease reported for same year as CD diagnosis.
c Specified year for both CD and other diagnosis.
d Comparing proportion with auto-immune disease diagnosed before or jointly with CD with proportion after CD diagnosis.
e Non-significant.
f Not including non-insulin dependent diabetes.
g Comparisons not applicable for “Any disease”.
Figure 2
Difference in years between the diagnosis of celiac disease and the diagnosis of associated immune-mediated disease. Difference positive if celiac disease diagnosis first and 0 if both diagnoses during same year.
Discussion
CD patients suffer from more symptoms and consume more health care before diagnosis and initiated gluten-free diet than they do afterwards. However, we did not observe a difference in the risk of developing other immune-mediated diseases after initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet.
This study is one of the largest of its kind and it has a high response rate. Its unique contribution is that it compares the situation before and after initiation of a gluten-free diet, including symptoms and health care consumption, which adds valuable information about individual and societal costs of untreated CD.
Our retrospective approach involves the risk of recall bias. We observed a similar pattern for symptom relief, health care visits, and missed working days when restricting our analysis to screened and recently diagnosed (2005–2009) CD patients. There was not a significant reduction in hospitalization days for the recently diagnosed (2005–2009) CD patients. This could indicate an improved situation due to earlier diagnosis, which we have reported earlier in the same population [5], or it might be due to problems remembering hospitalization days if diagnosed earlier than 2005. In an attempt to assess if the risk of developing associated immune-mediated diseases is affected by a gluten-free diet, we assumed that if fewer were diagnosed with the related disease after the CD diagnosis this would indicate a protective effect. The patient is likely to remember which disease was diagnosed first, but if there is a delay in diagnosis for one of the diseases the association could still be incorrect. A causal relation cannot be determined with certainty by a cross-sectional questionnaire study. An examination of hospital files would have been a valuable addition in this respect, but that was not within the scope of this study.
Retrospectively reported symptoms prior to a CD diagnosis have been studied previously [4], as have symptoms at the time of CD diagnosis [22–25]. Most studies have reported symptoms at the time of diagnosis that were obtained from medical records, making comparisons with our results difficult. Our main interest was to detect experienced changes in symptoms after initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet. Previously, similar comparisons were done for a more limited number of symptoms by Murray and colleagues in the United States, showing a similar positive pattern for investigated symptoms after initiated treatment for CD [26]. Also Ukkola with colleagues showed an improvement in symptoms after initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet for Finnish CD patients [27]. Little is known about the added costs of CD for individuals and society. Although many participants had their CD for a long time, and therefore were considerably older today, their health consumption was significantly lower today than prior to the CD diagnosis, indicating a decreased need for health care after initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet.
There is a well-known association between CD and other immune-mediated diseases [1]. A protective effect of a gluten-free diet was proposed more than a decade ago [16, 28], but later studies have shown conflicting results [15, 18]. In our study 25% of the individuals reported associated immune-mediated diseases. The prevalences of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus type 1 were similar to figures previously reported in a Swedish CD population study based on patient chart reviews [25]. Our results could not verify or reject a risk reduction effect of a gluten-free diet on the development of any of the associated immune-mediated diseases that were studied. Further studies are needed to investigate this relationship.
In a previous publication based on the same study population and questionnaire, we reported that there is a long delay until CD diagnosis and that CD patients experience a poor health-related quality of life that is significantly improved after initiation of a gluten-free diet [5]. Considering this and the results of the present study, there is a strong implication that greater effort must be made to diagnose CD earlier to decrease the burden of both poorer health-related quality of life and CD-related symptoms. This would also result in economic savings for society in terms of a reduction in health care consumption and missed working days.
Recent studies have indicated that the extent of symptoms that patients detected through a population-based CD screening might have may be similar to that of non-CD persons [29, 30]. The screening-detected cases in our study were mainly from risk groups. They reported the same positive effect of symptom relief after diagnosis and initiated treatment with a gluten-free diet as the CD patients who had their primary investigation due to symptoms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, CD patients profit from being diagnosed and treated with a gluten-free diet, since this reduces both symptoms and health care consumption. An earlier celiac disease diagnosis is therefore of great importance. The possible protective role of a gluten-free diet regarding the development of other immune-mediated diseases remains to be demonstrated.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We thank all who responded to the questionnaire, as well as the Swedish Society for Coeliacs for their assistance in improving the questionnaire and their crucial administrative help. The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. The study was undertaken at the Umeå Centre for Global Health Research at Umeå University.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University
(2)
Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University
References
Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR: Coeliac disease. Lancet. 2009, 373: 1480-1493. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Roma E, Panayiotou J, Karantana H, Constantinidou C, Siakavellas SI, Krini M, Syriopoulou VP, Bamias G: Changing pattern in the clinical presentation of pediatric celiac disease: a 30-year study. Digestion. 2009, 80: 185-191. 10.1159/000227275.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Cranney A, Zarkadas M, Graham ID, Butzner JD, Rashid M, Warren R, Molloy M, Case S, Burrows V, Switzer C: The Canadian celiac health survey. Dig Dis Sci. 2007, 52: 1087-1095. 10.1007/s10620-006-9258-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Gray AM, Papanicolas IN: Impact of symptoms on quality of life before and after diagnosis of coeliac disease: results from a UK population survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010, 10: 105-10.1186/1472-6963-10-105.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Norström F, Lindholm L, Sandström O, Nordyke K, Ivarsson A: Delay to celiac disease diagnosis and its implications for health-related quality of life. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011, 11: 118-10.1186/1471-230X-11-118.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Lee AR, Ng DL, Zivin J, Green PHR: Economic burden of a gluten-free diet. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007, 20: 423-430. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00763.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Roos S, Wilhelmsson S, Hallert C: Swedish women with coeliac disease in remission use more health care services than other women: a controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011, 46: 13-19. 10.3109/00365521.2010.516448.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Long KH, Rubio-Tapia A, Wagie AE, Melton LJ, Lahr BD, Van Dyke CT, Murray JA: The economics of coeliac disease: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010, 32: 261-269. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04327.x.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Green PH, Neugut AI, Naiyer AJ, Edwards ZC, Gabinelle S, Chinburapa V: Economic benefits of increased diagnosis of celiac disease in a national managed care population in the United States. J Insur Med. 2008, 40: 218-228.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Ludvigsson JF, Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM: Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes - a general population cohort study of children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29: 2483-2488. 10.2337/dc06-0794.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Sattar N, Lazare F, Kacer M, Aguayo-Figueroa L, Desikan V, Garcia M, Lane A, Chawla A, Wilson T: Celiac disease in children, adolescents, and young adults with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Pediatr. 2011, 158: 272-275. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.08.050.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Leeds JS, Hoeroldt BS, Sidhu R, Hopper AD, Robinson K, Toulson B, Dixon L, Lobo AJ, McAlindon ME, Hurlstone DP, Sanders DS: Is there an association between coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases? A study of relative prevalence in comparison with population controls. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007, 42: 1214-1220. 10.1080/00365520701365112.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Elfström P, Montgomery SM, Kämpe O, Ekbom A, Ludvigsson JF: Risk of thyroid disease in individuals with celiac disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 93: 3915-3921. 10.1210/jc.2008-0798.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Meloni A, Mandas C, Jores RD, Congia M: Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in children with celiac disease and effect of gluten withdrawal. J Pediatr. 2009, 155: 51-55. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.013.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Ventura A, Magazzu G, Greco L: Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease. SIGEP study group for autoimmune disorders in celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 1999, 117: 297-303. 10.1053/gast.1999.0029900297.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Cosnes J, Cellier C, Viola S, Colombel JF, Michaud L, Sarles J, Hugot JP, Ginies JL, Dabadie A, Mouterde O, et al: Incidence of autoimmune diseases in celiac disease: protective effect of the gluten-free diet. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008, 6: 753-758. 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.022.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Sategna Guidetti C, Solerio E, Scaglione N, Aimo G, Mengozzi G: Duration of gluten exposure in adult coeliac disease does not correlate with the risk for autoimmune disorders. Gut. 2001, 49: 502-505. 10.1136/gut.49.4.502.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Viljamaa M, Kaukinen K, Huhtala H, Kyrönpalo S, Rasmussen M, Collin P: Coeliac disease, autoimmune diseases and gluten exposure. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005, 40: 437-443. 10.1080/00365520510012181.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Metso S, Hyytiä-Ilmonen H, Kaukinen K, Huhtala H, Jaatinen P, Salmi J, Taurio J, Collin P: Gluten-free diet and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with celiac disease. A prospective controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011, 47: 43-48.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Hopper AD, Hadjivassiliou M, Hurlstone DP, Lobo AJ, Mcalindon ME, Egner W, Wild G, Sanders DS: What is the role of serologic testing in celiac disease? A prospective, biopsy-confirmed study with economic analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008, 6: 314-320. 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.008.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Dinler G, Atalay E, Kalayci AG: Celiac disease in 87 children with typical and atypical symptoms in Black Sea region of Turkey. World J Pediatr. 2009, 5: 282-286. 10.1007/s12519-009-0053-y.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Ludvigsson JF, Brandt L, Montgomery SM: Symptoms and signs in individuals with serology positive for celiac disease but normal mucosa. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009, 9: 57-10.1186/1471-230X-9-57.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Murray JA, Watson T, Clearman B, Mitros F: Effect of a gluten-free diet on gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 79: 669-673.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Ukkola A, Mäki M, Kurppa K, Collin P, Huhtala H, Kekkonen L, Kaukinen K: Diet improves perception of health and well-being in symptomatic, but not asymptomatic, patients with celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011, 9: 118-123. 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.10.011.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C, Leopaldi A, Citta A, Not T: Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2000, 137: 263-265. 10.1067/mpd.2000.107160.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Katz KD, Rashtak S, Lahr BD, Melton LJ, Krause PK, Maggi K, Talley NJ, Murray JA: Screening for celiac disease in a North American population: sequential serology and gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011, 106: 1333-1339. 10.1038/ajg.2011.21.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Godfrey JD, Brantner TL, Brinjikji W, Christensen KN, Brogan DL, Van Dyke CT, Lahr BD, Larson JJ, Rubio-Tapia A, Melton LJ, et al: Morbidity and mortality among older individuals with undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2010, 139: 763-769. 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.041.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
