Liver fibrosis is a middle stage in the course of chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which will develop into cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) if not treated at the early stage. Considering the limitations and patients' reluctance to undergo liver biopsy, a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic system to predict and assess treatment and prognosis of liver fibrosis is needed. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers for early diagnosis of HBV related liver fibrosis.
Method
Plasma samples from 7 healthy volunteers and 27 HBV infected patients with different stages of fibrosis were selected for 2-DIGE proteomic screening. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to assess differences in protein expression among all groups. The alteration was further confirmed by western blotting. Plasma levels of 25 serological variables in 42 healthy volunteers and 68 patients were measured to establish a decision tree for the detection of various stages fibrosis.
Result
The up-regulated proteins along with fibrosis progress included fibrinogen, collagen, macroglobulin, hemopexin, antitrypsin, prealbumin and thioredoxin peroxidase. The down-regulated proteins included haptoglobin, serotransferrin, CD5 antigen like protein, clusterin, apolipoprotein and leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein. For the discrimination of milder stage fibrosis, the area under curve for Prx II was the highest. Four variables (PT, Pre, HA and Prx II) were selected from the 25 variables to construct the decision tree. In a training group, the correct prediction percentage for normal control, milder fibrosis, significant fibrosis and early cirrhosis was 100%, 88.9%, 95.2% and 100%, respectively, with an overall correct percent of 95.9%.
Conclusion
This study showed that 2-D DIGE-based proteomic analysis of the plasma was helpful in screening for new plasma biomarkers for liver disease. The significant up-expression of Prx II could be used in the early diagnosis of HBV related liver fibrosis.
Background
Liver fibrosis is a middle stage in the course of chronic HBV infection, which will develop into cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) if not treated at the early stage. The risk of developing cirrhosis depends on the degree of fibrosis (stage) and the degree of inflammation and necrosis (grade) in liver [1, 2]. Although liver biopsy is currently recommended as the gold standard method of staging fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV, it has several disadvantages such as poor patient compliance, sampling error, limited usefulness for dynamic surveillance and follow-up. Considering these limitations and patients' reluctance to undergo a liver biopsy, there is a need for the development of novel noninvasive techniques to detect early liver damage. Several clinical studies have attempted to identify serological markers that rely on the measurement of substances participating in the generation of the liver extra cellular matrix. The current applications include hyaluronic acid (HA) [3, 4], type IV collagen (CIV) [4], N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIIP) [3, 5], metalloproteinases [6], inhibitors of metalloproteinases [6], and transforming growth factor beta [7]. Although some of these markers have shown promise for the detection of advanced fibrosis, their sensitivities for detecting milder fibrosis are generally poor. Therefore, a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic system to predict and assess treatment and prognosis of liver fibrosis is needed.
The biomarkers mentioned above have been identified through a candidate approach (i.e. derived from knowledge of basic biology and pathophysiology insights). With recent advances in genomics and proteomics, biomarkers can now be identified by discovery (or hypothesis generation) strategies that are not limited by our existing biological knowledge. By comprehensively examining different protein expression profiles between normal and pathological or drug treated samples, proteomics may provide information on new biomarkers, disease associated targets and the process of pathogenesis. This technique has been extensively employed to investigate cancers and other diseases [8–17].
2-DE is a powerful technique capable of resolving several thousand proteins based on their isoelectric points in the first dimension and their sizes in the second dimension [18]. A fundamental improvement was the development of 2-D fluorescent difference in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) [19], which has the ability to analyze multiple protein samples within one gel. This is achieved through covalent modification of each protein with structurally similar but spectrally distinct fluorphores (CyDye2, CyDye3, and CyDye5). On each gel, two samples and an internal standard comprising an equal amount of each sample within the study can be examined. This process reduces the gel-to-gel variation and allows more accurate and sensitive proteomic quantization [20, 21].
In the present study, we employed the DIGE technology to identify plasma profiles of liver fibrosis-related proteins, and the further confirmation with western blotting and ELISA showed that Prx II was better than the current available markers in detecting milder fibrosis. The present findings demonstrate that proteomics is a powerful approach for the molecular characterization of liver fibrosis progression and the identification of novel markers for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.
Methods
Human Samples
Plasma samples of 49 healthy volunteers and 95 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection were collected between 2004 and 2005 from Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai and State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, with the approval of the Ethical Committee at Fudan University. In screening study, subjects were restricted to patients having the same G3 grade inflammation (moderate piecemeal necrosis in portal with severe focal cell damage in lobule) to minimize unrelated variables and six groups (healthy, S1-S4 fibrosis and cirrhosis) were enrolled (Table 1). In validation study, four groups (healthy, milder fibrosis (S1), significant fibrosis (S2 and S3), early cirrhosis (S4)) were enrolled to facilitate data analysis (Table 2).
Table 1
Clinical features of all the subjects for screening study
Healthy
G3S1
G3S2
G3S3
G3S4
Cirrhosis
Number
7
5
5
5
7
5
Age (Mean ± SD)
33.3 ± 9.1
35.8 ± 12.0
34.4 ± 14.3
34 ± 10.4
38.5 ± 15.1
43.3 ± 10.1
Gender (Male/Female)
7/0
4/1
4/1
4/1
6/1
4/1
Table 2
Clinical features of all the subjects for validation study
Healthy
Milder fibrosis
Significant fibrosis
Early Cirrhosis
Number
42
24
32
12
Age (Mean ± SD)
32.9 ± 9.2
37.4 ± 12.4
34.4 ± 11.7
38.5 ± 14.4
Gender (Male/Female)
42/0
22/2
28/4
10/2
All patients were measured for HBsAg, HBeAg and HBcAg for sure of anti-HBV positive. All patients were HBV-DNA positive (bDNA Assay 3.0, Bayer, Leverkusen). Patients with other hepatitis virus (HAV, HCV, HEV) infection, other liver diseases, HIV co-infections, and other malignomas or antiviral treatment were excluded. Liver biopsies were obtained from all patients. All samples ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 cm long, more than 1.0 mm thick and included at least 10 portal tracts. Classification of the fibrosis stages and inflammation grades was done according to Scheuer et al. [22]. The results of biopsy were interpreted by two pathologists independently.
Preparation of plasma samples
Blood samples were collected in sodium heparin coated plastic tubes for the preparation of plasma. After centrifuged at 4,000 g for 10 min, the supernatant plasma were divided and stored in aliquots at -80°C until analysis. Samples were thawed only once for the study. Before 2-DE, plasma was pretreated to deplete albumin and IgG with the ProteoExtract Albumin/IgG Removal Kit (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany) and desalted with the ProteoExtract Protein Precipitation Kit (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany). All experiments were done according to the manufacture's instruction. Samples were dissolved in 100 μL of the DIGE lysis buffer (8 M Urea, 4% w/v CHAPS and 30 mM Tris) and adjusted to pH 8.5. Protein content was determined using the modified method of Bradford.
DIGE Electrophoresis
For screening study, samples in the same group were pooled to decrease the individual differences. The same group of sample was labeled with either CyDye3 or CyDye5 and ran in two different gels to eliminate the effect of dyes. 50 μg protein of each group was labeled with 0.8 μL of CyDye3 or CyDye5 DIGE fluors minimal dyes (400 μM), respectively. After 30 min, the incubation was stopped by adding 1 μL of 10 mM lysine. The labeled samples were further diluted with an equal volume of the 2× sample buffer containing 8 M urea, 4% w/v CHAPS, 2% DTT, and 2% Pharmalyte pH3-10. The internal standard included 8.33 μg of each group (6 groups in total) labeled with CyDye2. Two different groups (CyDye3 and CyDye5) and the internal standard (CyDye2) were run per gel. The three labeled samples were mixed and the volume was adjusted to 350 μL with rehydratation buffer containing 8 M urea, 4% w/v CHAPS, 13 mM DTT, and 1% (v/v) IPG ampholytes pH 3-10. All gels, six in total, were processed and analyzed simultaneously. The first dimension was carried out on an IPGphor system (Amersham Biosciences) using pH3-10 IPG gel strips of 24 cm. The IEF was performed at 20°C under the following conditions: 12 h at 50 V; 30 min at 250 V; 30 min at 500 V; 1 h at 1000 V; 1 h at 2000 V; 1 h at 4000 V; 2 h at 8000 V and held at 8000 V until the total Vhr reached 80000 Vhr. After isoelectric focusing, the IPG strips were equilibrated for 10 min in a reduction buffer (6 M urea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 0.5% w/v DTT, and 2% (m/v) SDS in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH8.8) and subsequently alkylated for 10 min in an alkylation buffer containing 6 M urea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 4.5% (w/v) iodoacetamide, and 2% (w/v) SDS in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH8.8. The second dimensional separation was carried out on the custom-made 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and a Hoefer DALT electrophoresis system (Amersham Biosciences).
Gel Image and Data Analysis
The gels were scanned using the Typhoon 9410 laser scanner (Amersham Biosciences) at three different settings (CyDye2, blue laser 488 nm and 520 bp 40 filter; CyDye3, green laser 532 nm and 580 bp 30 filter; CyDye5, red laser 633 nm and 670 bp 30 filter). Three images per gel were obtained (18 in total). The scanned images were analyzed using DeCyder 6.5 (Amersham Biosciences). Spots were automatically detected and visually checked for undetected or incorrectly detected spots. The protein spots detected in each image were automatically linked among the three images per gel. All gels were matched to a digitized reference gel, containing all the protein spots present in all six internal standard images. The intensity levels per image were normalized by dividing the spot volume through the total intensity of all the spots in the image and multiplying it by the average of the total spot intensity of all 18-gel images. Subsequently, the CyDye3 and CyDye5 labeled spot volumes were divided by the spot volume of the corresponding protein spot in the internal standard (CyDye2) image. The differences in spot ratios were analyzed by one-way ANOVA analysis and the Student's t test (assuming normal distributions and equal variance). One-way ANOVA was performed for the parameter of ''liver fibrosis''. The P value cut-off for ANOVA was 0.05. The proteins, found to be significant in the first step, were further analyzed with the t test between each paired groups. The P value cut-off for the t test was 0.05, and the fold change was 1.5.
In-gel Digestion and MALDI-TOF MS
After scanning, the gel was stained by the MS accommodated silver staining method. For each gel spot, a biopsy punch was speared (Amersham Biosciences) and transferred to a 1.5 mL siliconikzed Eppendorf tube. Subsequently, the transferred gel spots were destained in a destaining solution (100 mM Na2S2O3 and 30 mM K3Fe (CN)6, V/V, 1:1). The destained gel slices underwent pre-reduction using 100% acetonitrile (HPLC grade), and gel slices were dried in a Speed-Vac. After dried, gel slices were incubated at 37°C for 12-16 h in an ABC buffer (50 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH8.0) containing 0.1 mg/mL sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega Biosciences, San Luis Obispo, CA). Peptide samples were mixed at a ratio of 0.5 μL matrix (R-cyano-4-hydroxytranscinnamic acid) and 0.5 μL sample, loaded onto a 96×2 samples plate (Corning, P/N V700813), and crystallized. The crystallized samples were analyzed using an Applied Biosystems 4700 Proteomics Analyzer. In addition, trypsin-digested myglobin was used as an external standard for the mass calibration. PMF and sequence data were matched by searching the Swiss-Prot database using the MASCOT engine (Matrix Science).
Western blot analysis
For Western blot analysis, undepleted plasma proteins (20 μg) were loaded onto each lane, size fractionated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and blocked with PBS/5% skim milk/0.01% Tween 20 for 30 min at room temperature. Primary polyclonal antibodies (Abcam) diluted according to the manufacture's instructions in a blocking buffer were added, with subsequent incubation for 1 h with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Abcam). Samples were washed and developed with ECL-Plus (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
Serological analysis
The plasma levels of Prx II, CLU, HP, Apo AI, LN, CIV and PIIIP were detected by the double antibody sandwich ELISA assay according to the published method [23]. All antibodies used are from Abcom, Santa Cruz or Abnova. ELISA absorbance at 450/570 nm was measured to analyze the plasma protein levels semi-quantitatively. The plasma levels of HA were detected by RIA with the HA test kit, following the manufacture's instructions. Other clinical biochemical tests were done as a routine work in our laboratory on Hitachi 7600 Biochemistry Auto analyzer (Hitachi, Japan). Two independent researchers from our group performed all analyses blinded and in duplicate.
Statistical Analysis
The SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to perform all statistical comparisons. All comparisons were two-tailed, and a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Independent sample t-tests were used to analyze protein plasma differences among the various groups. ROC curves and AUCs were calculated, with 95% CIs. Classification tree was developed and the growing method is CHAID with a significant level of 0.05 for both splitting and merging.
Results
Quantitative comparison and identification of protein spots on DIGE gels
To smooth intrinsic individual differences and enhance common characteristic traits only related to disease status, plasma samples from individuals in the same group were pooled together for the analysis. The same group of sample was labeled with either CyDye3 or CyDye5 and ran in two different gels (Additional file 1, Table S1). Dye swap images of each sample were acquired and analyzed to confirm the reproducible spot pattern with both dyes (Additional file 1, Figure S1). The 2-DE DIGE images of the samples of different groups labeled with different cyanine dyes were obtained by fluorescence scanning (Figure 1). The 2-D DIGE images were analyzed by DeCyder 5.0 to objectively estimate the abundance of proteins in each sample and to generate quantitative data. In total, 812 protein spots were auto-detected. Based on the threshold of |ratio| ≥ 1.5 and P ≤ 0.05 (one-way ANOVA), the software detected 30 protein spots that showed a significant change among various groups (Figure 1 and Table 3). Figure 2 and 3 showed the identification of Prx II and CLU, respectively. Identification of Prx II by MALDI-TOF MS/MS is shown in Additional file 2, Figure S2. The raw MS data may be downloaded from the ProteomeCommons.org Tranche network using the following hash: TIa/TaABaUPU2yCPt/TxF8XDiKybQOSEqzWw76bpSSYwhmeMym9wDrfh+D4HYSudr1P3l9LQoH3RtcORcGfoaDvEh5wAAAAAAABCjQ==. The URL of this dataset is https://proteomecommons.org/dataset.jsp?i=TIa%2FTaABaUPU2yCPt%2FTxF8XDiKybQOSEqzWw76bpSSYwhmeMym9wDrfh%2BD4HYSudr1P3l9LQoH3RtcORcGfoaDvEh5wAAAAAAABCjQ%3D%3D, and of data download is https://proteomecommons.org/tranche/data-downloader.jsp?h=TIa%2FTaABaUPU2yCPt%2FTxF8XDiKybQOSEqzWw76bpSSYwhmeMym9wDrfh%2BD4HYSudr1P3l9LQoH3RtcORcGfoaDvEh5wAAAAAAABCjQ%3D%3D.
Figure 1
False-colored DIGE gel image of plasma proteins from normal and patient groups. Cy2 (blue) image of proteins from internal standard plasma; Cy3 (green) and Cy5 (red) image of proteins from plasma of different groups. The overlay images showed white spots containing proteins that have equal expression levels in each two group samples, red spots containing proteins with a higher expression and green spots containing proteins with a lower expression in the progressive phase of fibrosis. Spots for which the volume |ratio| ≥ 1.5 (t test) and P ≤ 0.05 (one-way ANOVA) based on DeCyder software analysis were identified by MS. In some cases, different spots were identified as the same protein.
Table 3
List of identified proteins a
Spot No.b)
Protein IDc)
Procession No.d)
Protein Scoree)
C.I.%f)
Ion Scoree)
C.I.%f)
Peptide
MW(kDa)g)
theoretical/observed
pIg)
theoretical/observed
Appearanceh)
PvalueI)
1
α-2 macroglobulin
P01023
341
100
185
100
34
163/90
6/5.6
12(18)
0.03
2
α-2 macroglobulin
P01023
341
100
185
100
34
163/90
6/5.7
12(18)
0.03
3
α-2 macroglobulin
P01023
341
100
185
100
34
163/90
6/5.8
12(18)
0.03
4
α-2 macroglobulin
P01023
341
100
185
100
34
163/90
6/5.9
12(18)
0.03
5
Serotransferrin
P02787
297
100
119
100
33
77/80
6.81/6.5
15(18)
0.012
6
Serotransferrin
P02787
78
99.992
37
99.6
13
77/80
6.81/6.5
12(18)
0.015
7
Hemopexin
P02790
120
100
44
99.996
19
52/60
6.55/4.5
15(18)
0.021
8
Hemopexin
P02790
178
100
80
100
19
52/60
6.55/4.5
15(18)
0.025
9
LRG
P02750
108
100
55
100
15
34/34
5.66/5.4
18(18)
0.029
10
LRG
P02750
199
100
134
100
18
34/34
5.66/5.4
18(18)
0.041
11
Fibrogen γ chain
P02679
146
100
40
99.987
18
50/50
5.61/5.9
15(18)
0.03
12
α-1 antitrypsin
P01009
76
99.986
33
99.942
11
47/56
5.37/5.2
12(18)
0.011
13
APO-AIV
P06727
143
100
41
99.991
15
45/45
5.28/5.2
18(18)
0.021
14
APO-AIV
P06727
143
100
41
99.991
15
45/45
5.28/5.2
18(18)
0.021
15
Fibrogen β chain
P02675
341
100
150
100
36
56/46
8.54/5.5
15(18)
0.021
16
Clusterin
P10909
144
100
86
100
17
52/40
5.89/5.0
18(18)
0.013
17
Clusterin
P10909
130
100
71
100
17
52/39
5.89/5.2
18(18)
0.013
18
Clusterin
P10909
74
99.98
59
100
12
52/35
5.89/5.3
18(18)
0.013
19
Clusterin
P10909
127
100
74
100
17
52/34
5.89/5.4
18(18)
0.016
20
APO-A1
P02647
255
100
87
100
28
31/28
5.56/5.2
18(18)
0.013
21
APO-A1
P02647
364
100
107
100
33
31/28
5.56/5.3
18(18)
0.013
22
APO-A1
P02647
214
100
21
99.305
25
31/28
5.56/5.3
18(18)
0.021
23
APO-A1
P02647
404
100
113
100
39
31/28
5.56/5.4
18(18)
0.021
24
Thioredoxin peroxidase 1
P32119
263
100
143
100
16
22/21
5.66/5.4
15(18)
0.021
25
HP-2
P00738
71
99.961
19
99.13
10
45/20
6.13/5.4
18(18)
0.0031
26
HP-2
P00737
91
100
58
100
12
38/20
6.13/5.6
18(18)
0.0051
27
HP-2
P00738
88
100
58
100
11
45/20
6.13/6.3
18(18)
0.0051
28
Prealbulmn
P02766
53
97.616
25
99.732
7
16/16
5.52/5.2
18(18)
0.0067
29
Prealbulmn
P02766
56
98.66
54
99.944
7
16/16
5.52/5.3
15(18)
0.0067
30
Prealbulmn
P02766
127
100
64
100
10
16/16
5.52/5.6
12(18)
0.013
a) Spots for which the volume |ratio| ≥ 1.5 (t test) and P ≤ 0.05 (one-way ANOVA) based on DeCyder software analysis were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS.
b) Spots referring to Figure 2.
c) Spots in the same line were identified as same protein.
d) Protein ID accessed from Swiss-Prot database by data searching.
e) Total protein score analyzed by MS and total ion score of the peptide analyzed by MS/MS.
f) Confidence of protein score and ion score.
g) Theoretical MW and pI accessed from UniProt database.
h) Number of the gels containing the protein spot.
i) P value calculated by one-way ANOVA analysis.
Figure 2
Plasma Prx II levels were up-regulated with fibrosis progress. A: Magnified region of DIGE gel image of Prx II. B: The patterns of the relative abundance alterations of Prx II in different groups. C: The MALDI-TOF MS map of Prx II, in which peptide peaks for further MS/MS identification are labeled out with mass value and the MS/MS map of peptide 1121.71 was shown. D: The amino acid sequences of Prx II, in which MS/MS matched peptide sequences, are underlined.
Figure 3
Plasma CLU levels were down regulated with fibrosis progress. A: Magnified region of DIGE gel image of CLU. B: The patterns of the relative abundance alterations of CLU in different groups. C: The MALDI-TOF MS map of CLU, in which peptide peaks for further MS/MS identification are labeled out with mass value. D: The amino acid sequences of CLU, in which MS/MS matched peptide sequences are underlined.
Western blot analysis for Prx II and CLU in plasma
To confirm the differential expression of Prx II, western blotting analysis was also performed using polyclonal antibodies against Prx II (Figure 4A). Because of the huge diversity of protein concentration in plasma among individuals, we did not normalize the result of western blot with a house-keeping protein as usual. Instead, we analyzed the expression of CLU from the same lane of each sample to avoid errors in sample loading and membrane transferring. As expected, the changes of both proteins were similar to that of DIGE result (Figure 4B,C), Compared to normal plasma, Prx II showed to be highly present in all stage of fibrosis plasma, although the up-regulation of Prx II was withdrawn at S3 stage. The presence of CLU showed to decrease continuously with the progress of fibrosis. Thus, the up-expression of Prx II was reliable.
Figure 4
Protein expressions of Prx II and CLU in plasma by Western blot analysis. A: Single samples of normal and liver fibrosis. Immunoblotting with Prx II or CLU polyclonal antibody following SDS-PAGE was performed as described in Section 2.7. The films were scanned and the OD of each band in the film was evaluated by QuantitiOne software. B: The change of Prx II expression is similar to DIGE result (Figure 2.B). C: The change of CLU expression is similar to DIGE result (Figure 3.B).
Measurement of Plasma Levels of Prx II and HA
We observed a significantly increased level of plasma Prx II among the milder fibrosis patients (0.9033 ± 0.2925, n = 24) compared with that among the normal controls (0.5176 ± 0.1672, n = 42, P < 0.01). The plasma level of Prx II in the significant fibrosis (0.6681 ± 0.2090, n = 32) and early cirrhosis (0.8083 ± 0.2081, n = 12) were reduced compared to that in the early stage, but still higher than the normal controls (Figure 5A). We observed a significantly elevated level of plasma HA among the early cirrhosis patients (median = 561.9317 ± 183.0116, n = 12) compared to normal controls (median = 91.7035 ± 60.3199, n = 38, P < 0.01), milder fibrosis patients (125.8983 ± 93.3860, n = 24, P < 0.01) and significant fibrosis patients (150.6675 ± 108.6073, n = 32, P < 0.01) (Figure 5B).
Figure 5
Human plasma levels of Prx II and HA. A: the plasma levels of Prx II were significantly elevated in patients with milder grade fibrosis compared to those in normal controls. The plasma level of Prx II in the late stage fibrosis and early cirrhosis were reduced compared to that in the early stage, but still higher than the normal controls. B: a significantly elevated HA plasma level among the early cirrhosis patients compared to normal controls and fibrosis patients.
Compared to normal:* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01
Clinical diagnosis of 25 serological analysis markers
Twenty-five serological analysis markers, including 4 differential proteins found by 2D-DIGE, 4 clinical plasma fibrosis markers and 17 serological biochemical markers were screened for their diagnosis values to various stages of fibrosis. Table 4 shows the areas under curves (AUCs) of discriminatory values of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of 25 serological markers to normal, milder fibrosis, significant fibrosis and early cirrhosis. For the discrimination of milder fibrosis, the area under curve (AUC) of Prx II was the largest (0.872 ± 0.090, Mean ± SD), higher than other 24 markers (0.148 ± 0.076~0.733 ± 0.098, Mean ± SD). For significant fibrosis, the AUC of CIV was the largest (0.799 ± 0.013), higher than other 24 markers (0.237 ± 0.076~0.750 ± 0.098, Mean ± SD). For early cirrhosis, the AUC of HA was the largest (1.000 ± 0.013), higher than other 24 markers (0.100 ± 0.076~0.907 ± 0.098, Mean ± SD). An AUC over 0.5 means the marker can be used for clinical diagnosis. The higher the AUC is, the more useful the marker may be. Unlike HA and CIV, which were useful for significant fibrosis and early stage cirrhosis diagnostician, Prx II was more efficient to milder fibrosis diagnostician.
Table 4
Areas under curve of ROC analysis of 25 serological markers
b) The maximal AUCs for each state are shown in bold.
For differentiation between various grades fibrosis, four variables (PT, Pre, HA and Prx II) were selected by SPSS software from the 25 variables to construct a decision tree (Figure 6). In a training group, 73 samples were first divided into three groups by marker "PT" (cutoff value = 12.00, 13.60 and 14.70, respectively): normal (25/25) & milder fibrosis (10/18), milder (6/18) & significant fibrosis (11/21), significant fibrosis (10/21) & early cirrhosis (9/9). The normal & milder fibrosis group was then correctly classified by marker "Pre" (cutoff value = 0.23); the milder & significant fibrosis group was then correctly classified by marker "Prx II" (cutoff value = 0.80); the significant fibrosis & early cirrhosis group was then classified by marker "HA" (cutoff value = 381.74) and all the early cirrhosis samples (9/9) were correctly classified. The correct prediction percentage of the algorithm for normal control, milder fibrosis, significant fibrosis and early cirrhosis was 100%, 88.9%, 95.2% and 100%, respectively. The algorithm was further validated by a test group of 37 samples, and the correct prediction percentage for normal control, milder fibrosis, significant fibrosis and early cirrhosis was 100%, 100.0%, 88.9% and 100%, respectively (Table 5).
Figure 6
Decision tree for the differentiation of various stages fibrosis using four serological markers. Briefly, in a training group of 73 samples, samples were first divided into three groups (normal & milder fibrosis, milder & significant fibrosis, significant fibrosis & early cirrhosis) by marker "PT" (cutoff value = 12.00, 13.60 and 14.70, respectively); The normal & milder fibrosis group was then correctly classified by marker "Pre" (cutoff value = 0.23); the milder & significant fibrosis group was then correctly classified by marker "Prx II" (cutoff value = 0.80); the significant fibrosis & early cirrhosis group was then classified by marker "HA" (cutoff value = 381.74) and all the early cirrhosis samples (9/9) were correctly classified. The correct prediction percentage of the algorithm for normal control, milder fibrosis, significant fibrosis and early cirrhosis was 100%, 88.9%, 95.2% and 100%, respectively.
Table 5
Correct percentage of prediction for various grades fibrosis
Predicted
Sample Observed
normal
Milder
fibrosis
Significant
Early
cirrhosis
Percent
Correct (%)
Training
normal
25
0
0
0
100
milder fibrosis
0
16
2
0
88.9
significant fibrosis
0
0
20
1
95.2
early cirrhosis
0
0
0
9
100
Overall Percentage
34.2
21.9
30.1
13.7
95.9
Test
normal
17
0
0
0
100
milder fibrosis
0
6
0
0
100
significant fibrosis
0
2
8
1
72.7
early cirrhosis
0
0
0
3
100
Overall Percentage
45.9
21.6
21.6
10.8
91.9
Discussion
Plasma proteins are quite reflective of the overall profile in humans. It is estimated that as many as 10,000 proteins are present within human plasma, many of which are secreted or shed by cells during different physiology or pathology processes [24]. Moreover, instead of tissue, the utility of plasma to classify the disease state would have great advantages in that the plasma is easy to collect, the procedure is minimally invasive, and samples can be collected repeatedly. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to discover plasma biomarkers for clinical purposes [25, 26].
Recently, proteomics, a powerful strategy which can provide the global information of new biomarkers, disease associated targets and the process of pathogenesis by comprehensively examining different protein expression profiles between normal and pathological or drug treated samples, has been extensively employed to investigate cancers and other diseases. However, plasma proteome analysis is still a daunting task largely due to abundant proteins such as albumin and IgG that constitute approximately 60-97% of the total plasma proteins [27]. Efficient depletion of abundant proteins from human plasma enables the detection of more proteins with greater protein coverage [28]. On the other hand, the depletion of highly abundant proteins may result in the loss of potentially important proteins bound to them at the same time. The more kinds of abundant proteins are depleted, the more unspecific bounded proteins may loose [29]. Therefore, we chose to deplete albumin and IgG to minimize the unspecific protein depletion (Additional file 3, Figure S3). Depleting these two abundant proteins prior to the DIGE technology increased the loading volume from 5 μL to 35 μL (estimated raw plasma volumes with same protein amount), and significantly improved the detection of low abundant proteins. Proteins, such as clusterin, hemopexin and thioredoxin peroxidase, could be detected in the μg/mL range, which cannot be detected by the traditional 2-DE technology.
Pooling samples is a common way to reduce the cost of experiments as well as to provide equivalent power of experiments [30–32]. Since the purpose of our study is to identify robust biomarkers related with the progress of liver fibrosis, the differences among various groups are more interesting than the differences between patients within each patient group. We pooled the samples to smooth intrinsic individual differences and enhance common characteristic traits only related to disease status. It is also true that pooling samples may eliminate the number of biological replicates. Therefore, we analyzed protein levels in a larger population by ELISA to make up the disadvantages of pooling samples.
In this study, the albumin and IgG depletion strategy prior to 2-D DIGE was applied to enrich the low-abundant proteins in human plasma. By the 2-D DIGE, several proteins with significant alterations related with fibrosis progress were found. The up-regulated proteins were identified as fibrogen, collagen, macroglobulin, hemopexin, antitrypsin, prealbumin and thioredoxin peroxidase. The down-regulated proteins were haptoglobin, serotransferrin, CD5 antigen like protein, clusterin, apolipoprotein and leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG). The biological functions of these proteins can be summarized into four groups: (A) Generation and degradation of extra cellular matrix (ECM), such as fibrogen, collagen and macroglobulin [33]; (B) Acute phase reaction and immunity protection, such as antitrypsin, prealbumin, LRG [34] and CD5 antigen-like protein; (C) Oxygenation and cell apoptosis, such as clusterin [35] and thioredoxin peroxidase [36, 37]; (D) Transport and metabolism, such as apolipoprotein, haptoglobin, hemopexin and serotransferrin. As expected, proteins related to the generation of extra cellular matrix had the same alteration pattern of increase, which is in accordance with the progress of fibrosis. Proteins with the function of transport and metabolism had the same alteration pattern of decrease, which implied the dysfunction of the liver with the development of fibrosis. Most of the proteins found to be up- or down regulated were described in prior papers, which imply the reliability of our study design and the DIGE technology.
However, some of the identified proteins had different observed MW or pI, compared to theoretical ones. This is because that the proteins detected in plasma are secreted proteins, which are usually smaller than the whole protein. And the post translation modification of proteins, either carbamidomethyl, oxidation or phosphorylation, will change the pI of proteins greatly.
Of the 13 identified proteins, thioredoxin peroxidase appears to be a novel candidate as useful HBV-related milder grade liver fibrosis marker. Large evidence shows that in humans and animals, oxidative stress is implicated in the resistance to HBV infection and serves as a link between hepatic injury and fibrosis [38, 39]. Thioredoxin peroxidases, also called peroxiredoxins, are members of a newly discovered family of peroxidases, and they efficiently reduced the intracellular level of H2O2 produced in those cells stimulated by various cell surface ligands. The peroxiredoxin family was reported to be closely related to various causes of liver fibrosis. They were found to be up-regulated in liver fibrosis caused by alcohol exposition [40], schistosomiasis [41], drug and chemical induction [41, 42]. The oxidation kinetics of all peroxiredoxins was extremely rapid and sensitive, occurring at H2O2 doses unable to affect common markers of cellular oxidative stress [43]. In our research, Prx II has shown a significant up-regulation at the milder stage fibrosis, which indicated that it is an early protein target of HBV induced oxidative injury. On the contrary, current available fibrosis biomarkers, such as HA, CIV, PIIIP and LN, rely on the measurement of substances that participate in the generation of the liver extra cellular matrix and thus have limited clinical application value in milder fibrosis prediction.
As the complexity of liver fibrosis disallows any single biomarker to guide the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease, we tried to use the tree classification system to predict the various fibrosis stages. Among the 25 serological analysis markers screened, PT, Pre, Prx II and HA were selected to construct a decision tree. The correct prediction percentages in both the training group and the test group were high. In the algorithm, Pre-albumin was used to correctly classify between normal and milder fibrosis, indicating an acute phase reaction at the beginning of fibrosis. Prx II was used to correctly classify between milder and significant fibrosis, indicating an anti-oxidative stress reaction during the progress of fibrosis. HA was used to correctly classify between significant fibrosis and early cirrhosis, indicating an assembling of ECM at the late stage of fibrosis.
Conclusion
In this study, we have shown the quantitative plasma protein profiles in various stages liver fibrosis patients, and have found several proteins that changed significantly during disease progression. The differential expressed proteins have four groups of biological functions, which is helpful for revealing the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The significant up-regulation of Prx II implied that it held comparable sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of milder fibrosis, which may be useful for early fibrosis diagnosis if validated in other cohorts.
We thank Dr. Qingyi Wei and Dr. Wei Sun for advice and editorial comments. Financial supports are from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.20627003, 30900257), Shanghai Science & Technology Developing Program (No. 03DZ14024), the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2006CB910803), the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics (No. SKLP-K200808), Chinese State Key Project Specialized for Infectious Diseases (No. 2008ZX10002-016, 2008ZX10002-019) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, China (No. 09ZR1404100).
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Chemistry, Fudan University
(2)
Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
(3)
Department of Molecular Biology for Public Health, Shanghai Municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(4)
Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
(5)
State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
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