The role of a multidisciplinary team in the management of portal hypertension

Abstract

Background

Gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage is the most severe complication of portal hypertension, with a high mortality rate. The current recommendations for gastroesophageal varices include pharmacological treatment, endoscopic treatment, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement, and splenectomy with devascularization surgery. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) comprises of a group of medical experts and specialists across a range of disciplines, providing personalized and targeted patient care tailored to each individual’s condition, circumstances, and expectations.

Methods

Patients referred to the MDT clinic since its establishment in September 2014 were prospectively enrolled and followed-up for at least 12 months. Patient baseline characteristics, treatment methods, outcome and survival were compared to non-MDT patients retrieved from a prospectively maintained database with propensity score matching.

Results

Propensity-score matching (PSM) was carried out to balance available covariates, resulting in 58 MDT patients vs. 111 non-MDT patients. Overall survival and variceal rebleed was compared between the two groups. The rate of variceal rebleed was significantly higher in the non-MDT group, while no difference in overall survival was observed.

Conclusions

This study is the first to investigate the role of a multidisciplinary team in the management of gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension. Patients treated based on MDT clinic recommendations had a significantly lower risk for variceal rebleed.

Background

Portal hypertension is associated with a series of clinical presentation such as hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, gastroesophageal varices, and hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage is the hallmark and arguably the most severe complication of portal hypertension, with a mortality rate of 10–20% within 6 weeks [1]. Despite adequate treatment and resuscitation, rate of variceal rebleed within the first year remains concerning [2, 3]. The current recommendations for gastroesophageal varices include pharmacological treatment as primary prophylaxis, as well as endoscopic treatment with band ligation or tissue adhesive injection. While, the utility of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement may be suitable in high-risk patients [4]. Splenectomy with devascularization surgery is also an option for gastroesophageal varices, especially in patients with concurrent hypersplenism [5].

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) comprises of a group of medical experts and specialists across a range of disciplines, working together to deliver comprehensive patient care [6]. Regardless of guideline recommendations, MDT clinic provides personalized and targeted patient care tailored to each individual’s condition, circumstances, and expectations [7]. Relevant experts with different expertise are brought together to discuss and formulate a treatment plan. The present study is aimed at evaluating the value of MDT clinic in the management of gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension.

Methods

Multidisciplinary team for portal hypertension

The multidisciplinary team (MDT) for portal hypertension at our institution was first established in 2014. The team is comprised of 5 different clinical specialties, including gastroenterology, interventional radiology, general surgery, diagnostic radiology, diagnostic ultrasound, and consulting pathology. Through a multidisciplinary approach, all patients referred to the MDT clinic will receive a recommendation for individualized treatment based on the patient’s disease status, laboratory and imaging studies, as well as personal preference. The MDT clinic is routinely scheduled every 2 weeks at a designated conference room. An example of case management by the MDT clinic is presented in Supplementary 1.

MDT patients

Patients referred to the MDT clinic since its establishment in September 2014 were eligible for study inclusion, in accordance with the following criteria: 1) patient with a confirmed diagnosis of gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension, evident by variceal bleeding or endoscopic examination, 2) diagnosis of portal hypertension was confirmed by imaging or pathological studies, 3) patients with complete documentation of the MDT clinic recommendations, including relevant biochemical, radiological, and procedural data. Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) patients with acute active variceal hemorrhage, or clinically and hemodynamic unstable, 2) patients who failed to comply with recommended therapy, 3) patient with severe, life-threatening disease of another system, irrelevant to portal hypertension and its complications.

Non-MDT patients

Patient data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database, with detailed documentation of general characteristics, treatments received, and follow-up for rebleed and mortality. Usage of the database was approved by the Ethics Committee at our institution (B2015-135R).

Treatment

Different treatment strategies include currently available options for the management of gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension, including endoscopic therapy, interventional radiology, and surgery. An informed consent was signed by all patients prior to any treatment procedures, acknowledging the purpose and associate risk.

Endoscopy

Endoscopy treatment for gastroesophageal varices was commenced after an overnight fast. First, the extent and characteristics of the varices were evaluated and classified according to Sarin’s classification with a standard esophagogastroduodenoscopy (Olympus GIF-XG240/260). After a thorough examination, each patient received appropriate personalized therapy as deemed fit by the operator. Esophageal varices were treated with endoscopic band ligation (EBL) (6 Shooter, Universal Saeed, Multi-Band Ligator, Cook Medical or Speedband Superview Super 7, Multiple Band Ligators, Boston Scientific) or endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS). Concurrent or isolated gastric varices were uniformly treated with cyanoacrylate injection, which begins with an injection of lauromacrogol (Tianyu Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang, China), followed by N-butyl-cyanoacrylate (Beijing Suncon Medical Adhesive Co. Ltd., Beijing, China), then again with a flush of lauromacrogol. The amount of lauromacrogol and cyanoacrylate injected directly correlated with the size of the varix. The operator aimed to eradicate the varices in one session, prompting multiple injection sites, when necessary. The needle sheath (Olympus NM-200 L-0423 injection needle) was held at the puncture site until the varix solidified, turned pale, and became less mobile. Patients were hospitalized for 1–2 days after the procedure barring any complications and were followed-up closely at a designated out-patient service clinic.

Interventional radiology

Interventional radiological treatment modalities for portal hypertension include transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE), total or partial splenic embolization (TSE or PSE), transarterial embolization (TAE) or a combination of the above-mentioned procedures.

The most frequently performed and well-accredited procedure for the treatment of portal hypertension is the TIPS procedure. In brief, the patient was placed in a supine position after an overnight fast. Access to the left branch of the intrahepatic portal vein was achieved with a 21G Chiba needle (Cook, USA) under ultrasound guidance or direct puncture. The right hepatic vein or hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava was chosen for TIPS needle insertion to the branch of the portal vein (typically left branch). An 8 mm × 40 mm balloon is used to dilate the shunt tract and an 8-10 mm × 60-100 mm Smart self-expanding stent (Cordis, USA) or a nitinol self-expanding stent (Bard, USA) was placed. PTVE can also be performed alongside the TIPS procedure in patients with large gastric varices. The catheter is extended to the gastric coronary vein for visualization of the gastric varices. N-butyl-cyanoacrylate (Beijing Suncon Medical Adhesive Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) is injected for embolization. Amount of tissue adhesive used ranged from 0.5-2 ml, depending on the size of the varix. Another procedure commonly performed in patients with hypersplenism is TSE or PSE, which entails the complete or partial embolization of the splenic artery with 300–500 Embosphere (Merit Medical, UT, USA). In patients with hepatic artery-portal vein arteriovenous fistula, TAE is achieved with injection of N-butyl-cyanoacrylate to embolize the fistula tract. All interventional radiological procedures are performed alone or in conjunction with other procedures, depending on the patient’s condition.

Surgery

The Hassab’s procedure begins with a 15 cm incision along the left rectus abdominus, followed by ligation of the splenogastric ligament, then the pancreatic tail is dissected for exposure of the splenic artery. A double layer surgical stich is used for splenic artery ligation, before removal of the spleen. The procedure is concluded with suture ligation of the left gastroepiploic artery, vascular branch along the gastric corpus and cardia, and a perhiatal devascularization of the esophagus. Hemostasis was confirmed before abdominal closure.

Other clinical assessment

All patient from the MDT group received a computed tomography angiography (CTA) study of the portal system prior to treatment intervention. This allows for a thorough evaluation for any concurrent conditions such has hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), portovenous thrombosis (PVT), or spontaneous portosystemic shunt (SPSS), which are common complications associated with portal hypertension. Some of the non-MDT patients also had available portosystemic CTA that were retrospectively reviewed. During the MDT clinic, radiology studies were carefully reviewed by the experts on Centricity Enterprise Web V3.0 (GE Healthcare, Illinois, USA). Some patients from both MDT and non-MDT groups underwent HVPG measurements to better assess disease severity. HVPG measurement was carried out in all MDT patients barring any contraindications. However, it is not a pre-requisite procedure before treatment.

Patient follow-up

Patients were prospectively followed for at least 12 months in order to document any incidence of variceal rebleed, evident by melena or hematemesis, confirmed by a subsequent endoscopic examination. Primary endpoints were defined as variceal rebleed or death. A thorough review of each subject’s patient history was conducted. Any missing information was obtained through a telephone interview or at the designated outpatient service clinic.

Propensity score matching

In order to better assess the role of MDT clinic is the management of patients with portal hypertension, a propensity score match (PSM) was carried out to compare MDT patients with non-MDT patients. The propensity score model of MDT was constructed by using the multivariable logistic regression model, which included age, gender, Child-Pugh classification, etiology of portal hypertension, previous treatment, treatment, portal venous thrombosis, hepatic cellular carcinoma and Sarin’s classification. Propensity scores were then matched with a maximal range of ±0.2 to obtain matched pairs of patients. Patients of MDT group were matched at 1:2 to non-MDT patients.

Statistical analysis

Continuous normally distributed variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and group comparisons are tested using the Student t test. Ordinal and non-normally distributed variables are presented by median (Q1~Q3) and group comparisons are tested by using nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables are presented as absolute values (percentage) and group comparisons are tested by using Pearson X² tests or Fisher exact test.

For the primary endpoint (rebleeding), Kaplan-Meier curves show the cumulative event-free survival rates for each group and were compared by using the log-rank test. To assess the association between rebleeding and the different groups (MDT group vs. non-MDT group), a propensity score matched and an unmatched Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to calculate the hazard ratios (HR). The inverse probability of treatment weight (IPTW) was calculated on the basis of the propensity score. All hypothesis tests were two-sided, and values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed with the R software, version 3.5.1.

Results

MDT patients

A total of 120 patients were referred to the MDT clinic from September 2014 through September 2017. Among which, 29 patients failed to comply with recommended treatment strategy due to personal or financial reasons, 2 patients had comorbid myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), which preceded the treatment of portal hypertension. A total of 89 patients received treatment according to MDT recommendation, however, 3 were lost to follow-up. A final of 86 patients were included in the present study analysis. Of the 86 subjects, 59 (68.6%) were male, 27 (31.4%) were female, with an average ae of 52.91 ± 13.08 years old. 49 (57%) patients were admitted for initial treatment of gastroesophageal varices, while 37 (43%) patients had received previous treatment, including 25 cases of previous endoscopic therapy, 8 cases of previous splenectomy, and 3 cases of PSE, and 1 case of PTVE. The cause of portal hypertension for most patients were mainly due cirrhosis with varying etiologies. The most common cause was viral hepatitis (53.5%), including both hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Other etiologies included drug or alcohol-induced (4.7%), autoimmune hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis (5.8%), schistosomiasis (10.5%), others (22.1%) or mixed etiology (3.5%). The average Child-Pugh score in the MDT group was 6.59 ± 1.32. With most patients classified as Child-Pugh Class A (51.2%), followed by Child-Pugh Class B (47.7%) and Child-Pugh Class C (1.2%). Endoscopic examination revealed esophageal varices (EV) in 16 patients (18.6%), gastroesophageal varices (GOV) type 1 in 23 patients (26.7%), GOV type 2 in 30 patients (34.9%), and isolated gastric varices (IGV) type 1 in 17 patients (19.8%). There are no IGV type 2 in this cohort. Concurrent conditions such as HCC was observed in 9 (10.5%) patients, while PVT was observed in 33 (38.4%) patients. After MDT discussion, 12 (14%) patients received drug therapy, 28 (32.6%) patients received endoscopic treatment, 7 (8.1%) patients received surgery, 37 (43.0%) patients received interventional radiology, and 2 (2.3%) patients received combined treatment. Detailed patient characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the general population, MDT group and non-MDT group

Non-MDT patients

Patient data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database. Prior to the establishment of MDT clinic, patients received at different outpatient clinic underwent standardized care. A total of 462 patients with gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension treated from August 2008 through August 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty patients were lost to follow-up within 12 months. A total of 442 patients were ultimately included for statistical analysis. Among which, 292 (66.1%) were male and 150 (33.9%) were female, with an average age of 53.63 ± 10.55. Three hundred forty-seven (78.5%) patients were admitted for initial treatment of gastroesophageal varices, while 95 (21.5%) patients had received previous treatment. The most common etiology for portal hypertension was cirrhosis secondary to viral hepatitis (57.5%). While drug or alcohol-induced cirrhosis accounted for 9.0%, autoimmune hepatitis or PBC for 12.2%, schistosomiasis for 4.3%, others for 14.9%, and mixed etiology for 2.0%. The average Child-Pugh score was 6.72 ± 1.47, with 224 (50.7%) patients classified as Child-Pugh Class A, 199 (45%) classified as Child-Pugh Class B, and 19 (4.3%) classified as Child-Pugh Class C. Endoscopic examination showed 133 (30.1%) cases of EV, 275 (62.2%) cases of GOV type 1, and 18 (4.1%) cases of GOV type 2, 16 (3.6%) cases of IGV type 1. No IGV type 2 was noted. Concurrent HCC was observed in 29 (6.6%) patients, while PVT was observed in 91 (20.6%) patients. Standardized care dictated 8 (1.8%) cases of pharmacological treatment, 375 (84.8%) cases of endoscopic therapy, 48 (10.9%) cases of surgery, 8 causes (1.8%) cases of interventional radiology, and 3 (0.7%) cases of combined treatment. Detailed patient characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Propensity score matching

The following variables were selected for propensity score matching (PSM): age, gender, previous treatment, treatment type, etiology of portal hypertension, concurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), concurrent portal venous thrombosis (PVT), Child-Pugh score, and Sarin’s classification. Before PSM, no significant statistical difference between age, gender, Child-Pugh score, and concurrent HCC was observed between MDT and non-MDT patients. However, statistical difference was noted in previous treatment, treatment method, etiology of portal hypertension, presence of PVT, and type of gastroesophageal varices (Table 2). PSM was carried out to balance almost all available covariates, resulting in 58 MDT patients vs. 111 non-MDT patients. Based on the priori established primary endpoints, overall survival and variceal rebleed was compared between the two groups. The rate of variceal rebleed was significantly higher in the non-MDT group, while no difference in overall survival was observed (Fig. 1). The actuarial rate of no variceal rebleed at 1-month, 2-months, 3-months, 6-months, and 1-year for the non-MDT group, was 95.5, 91.0, 87.4, 81.8, and 75.0%, while that of the MDT group was 98.2, 96.5, 96.5, 96.5, and 93.9%, respectively (Table 3). The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that MDT group patients have a lower rate of variceal rebleed within 1 year. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that patients treated based on MDT clinic recommendation had a lower risk of variceal rebleed (hazard ratio 0.203, 95% CI 0.062–0.670, p < 0.01), while IPTW coincided similar results (hazard ratio 0.106, 95% CI 0.026–0.436, p < 0.01).

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the MDT and non-MDT groups, before and after PSM

Fig. 1

Kaplan-Meir analysis of survival (a) (b) and variceal rebleeding (c) (d), before and after PSM

Table 3 Difference in rate of variceal rebleed between MDT and non-MDT groups

A subsequent subgroup analysis with Kaplan-Meir analysis was performed on different treatment modalities after PSM (Fig. 2). The risk of rebleed was statistically different between MDT and non-MDT patient, who underwent endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices (p < 0.05). No difference was noted between the two groups in patients who received pharmacological treatment, surgery, interventional radiology or combined therapy. However, a trend is illustrated in the surgery and interventional radiology groups, nearly breaching statistical significance.

Fig. 2

Subgroup analysis of different treatment methods for gastroesophageal varices

Discussion

According to the Baveno Consensus, primary prophylaxis for gastroesophageal varices include use of non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) or endoscopic band ligation (EBL), while cyanoacrylate injection should be considered in patients with concurrent or isolated gastric varices. The TIPS procedure may be recommended for patients at high risk of treatment failure [4]. Although the guideline recommendations are based of highly credible clinical studies with promising evidential strength, clinical encounters may not always be straightforward. Patients often have comorbid conditions, which requires well-rounded consideration and prioritization, especially in a complicated disease such a portal hypertension [8, 9].

To our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess the utility of MDT in the management of gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension. While many other specialties, especially oncology, have successfully adopted MDT as routine practice for disease management [10, 11]. Since the establishment of MDT clinic at our facility, we have included experts from gastroenterology, interventional radiology, general surgery, diagnostic radiology, diagnostic ultrasound, and consulting pathology to form a joint disease management team, with two scheduled discussion panels every month. Prior to the establishment of MDT, patients with gastroesophageal varices are managed with standardized care in different subspecialties.

The two study cohorts were compared with propensity score matching. Representative indexes were selected as matching indices. However, treatment modalities were not comparable between the two groups. This can be explained by the development and advancements in interventional radiology in recent years. For instance, the TIPS procedure was not routinely implemented in the past, due to technical challenges and high incidence of hepatic encephalopathy [12]. However, in recent years, availability of self-expandable and drug-eluted stents has remarkably decreased procedure associated complications [13, 14]. Another explanation is that some patients were diverted from endoscopic treatment due to high HVPG measurements [15]. Studies have also shown that splenectomy and devascularization surgery were associated with post-operative portal venous thrombosis, making it a less favorable choice for the treatment of portal hypertension [16]. Therefore, an imbalance in treatment method was noted between non-MDT and MDT patients due to evolving medical techniques and a shift in clinical preference over the past decade (Fig. 3). Comparison between two groups showed no difference in overall survival. However, the rate of variceal bleeding was significantly higher in non-MDT patients before and after PSM. Further subgroup analysis showed the different rebleeding rates amongst patients who received different treatment methods, however study results warrants a larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Fig. 3

Choice of different treatment modalities for portal hypertension over time

There are several limitations to our study. First, the sample size for the study is relatively small and the follow-up time is short in the MDT group. A 12 months period may be insufficient to assess the difference in overall mortality between MDT and non-MDT groups. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, not all patients received HVPG measurements, which can accurately reflect disease severity and provide a more reliable matching index for PSM. Lastly, there are many confounding factors that could not be balanced, including different treatment methods for gastroesophageal varices.

Conclusion

This study is the first to investigate the role of a multidisciplinary team in the management of gastroesophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension. Patients treated based on MDT clinic recommendations had a significantly lower risk for variceal rebleed. MDT-driven disease management is a relatively new concept introduced to clinical practice, especially in the non-oncological arena. Although it is heavily reliant on available resources [17], a multidisciplinary approach allows patient to receive the most well-rounded individualized therapy with consideration beyond medicine. The role of MDT practice has shown promising potential and we look forward to its application to other disease entities.