Table 3 Risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease by logistic regression analysis

Smoking

Never

References

References

Current

1.12 (0.90, 1.38)

1.23 (1.02, 1.55)

Passive

1.10 (0.93, 1.24)

1.10 (0.93, 1.25)

Former

1.39 (1.11, 1.73)

1.43 (1.13, 1.90)

Smoking intensity current

Light

References

References

Moderate

0.73 (0.40, 1.33)

0.74 (0.41, 1.36)

Heavy

1.06 (0.70, 1.60)

1.10 (0.70, 1.65)

Drinking alcohol

No

References

References

Yes

1.32 (1.01, 1.73)

1.51 (1.13, 1.99)

Physical activity (MET hour per day)

Low

References

References

Moderate

0.88 (0.76, 1.01)

0.87 (0.75, 1.02)

High

0.69 (0.57, 0.83)

0.71 (0.58, 0.85)

Depression

No

References

References

Yes

1.51 (1.10, 2.07)

1.46 (1.06, 2.01)

Metabolic syndrome

No

References

References

Yes

1.17 (1.02, 1.33)

1.11 (0.97, 1.27)

Nutritional intake

Sweets and desserts (gr/d)

0.99 (0.99, 1.01)

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

Sugar (gr/d)

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

(0.98, 1.01)

Added sugar (gr/d)

1.01 (0.97, 1.04)

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

Fiber (gr/d)

0.99 (0.98, 0.99)

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

Tea and coffee (gr/d)

0.99 (0.99, 1.01)

0.99 (0.99, 1.01)

Dairy (gr/d)

0.99 (0.98, 0.99)

0.99 (0.98, 0.99)

Sleep duration

0.93 (0.88, 0.98)

0.93 (0.88, 0.98)

Anthropometric indicators

BMI (kg/m²)

1.07 (0.99, 1.011)

1.05 (0.99, 1.10)

WHR

2.15 (1.78, 5.93)

1.94 (1.12, 5.23)

VFA (cm²)

1.01 (1.01, 1.03)

1.01 (1.01, 1.01)

PBF

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

BFM (kg)

1.03 (0.99, 1.05)

1.01 (0.98, 1.01)

Frequency of regurgitation

Every once in a while

References

References

Several times each month

2.43 (1.65, 3.57)

2.42 (1.64, 3.55)

Several times each week

2.90 (1.87, 4.52)

2.85 (1.83, 4.44)

Almost daily

2.72 (1.69, 4.36)

2.66 (1.65, 4.27)