Table 2 Different treatment options for mesenteric panniculitis

Corticosteroids

Anti-inflammatory

Long-term use is associated with some complications (e.g.,hyperglycemia and peripheral neuropathy)

IV

Azathioprine

Immunosuppressant in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases

Myelosuppression, teratogenicity, abnormal liver function, and occasionally muscle atrophy

IV

Cyclophosphamide

Immunosuppressant and anti-tumor

Myelosuppression, urinary tract reactions, gastrointestinal symptoms, alopecia, stomatitis, toxic hepatitis, etc.

IV

Colchicine

Binding to neutrophil tubulin subunits alters membrane function, including inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion and phagocytosis

Gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle, peripheral neuropathy, myelosuppression, teratogenicity, shock, hair loss, rash, etc.

IV

Tamoxifen

An antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite,4-hydroxytamoxifen

Vaginal dryness, discharge or irritation; reduced interest in sex and hot flashes

IV

Thalidomide

A sedative and an antiemetic agent. It has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic effects

Teratogenicity, lethargy, dizziness, rash, constipation, nausea, abdominal pain, facial puffiness, polyneuritis, allergies, etc.

IV

Pentoxyfylline

An antifibrotic agent

Nausea, dizziness, anorexia, bloating, etc.

IV

Progesterone

It downregulates proliferation and metabolism of fibroblasts and fibrogenesis

Occasionally nausea, dizziness, breast swelling, long-term application can reduce menstruation or amenorrhea, edema, etc.

IV

Antibiotics

Anti-infection

Drug resistance, anaphylaxis, double infection

IV

Surgical resection

Acute abdominal complications such as intestinal perforation, ischemia or obstruction requires urgent surgery

Trauma, a risk of surgical complications

IV