Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Age (years)

49.75 ± 17.36

57.84 ± 15.8

< 0.001

Gender, n (%)

< 0.001

 Male

51.18

29.05

 Female

48.82

70.95

Race, n (%)

< 0.001

 Mexican American

11.49

12.85

 Other Race

27.36

24.13

 Non-Hispanic White

33.80

42.38

 Non- Hispanic Black

27.35

20.65

Education lever, n (%)

0.380

 Less than high school

18.32

16.93

 High school

24.15

26.05

 More than high school

57.52

57.02

Marital status, n (%)

0.449

 Cohabitation

41.82

40.46

 Solitude

58.18

59.54

PIR

2.62 ± 1.52

2.56 ± 1.46

0.344

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

109.32 ± 64.88

115.77 ± 66.06

0.007

Sedentary time (min)

328.00 ± 199.49

353.03 ± 206.52

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

< 0.001

 Yes

40.96

52.22

 No

45.75

34.09

 Unclear

13.29

13.69

Smoked, n (%)

0.007

Yes

58.76

53.90

No

41.24

46.10

Diabetic, n (%)

< 0.001

Yes

83.32

71.91

No

16.68

28.09

Hypertension, n (%)

< 0.001

Yes

63.76

45.26

No

36.24

54.74

Total Energy, n (%)

< 0.001

 Lower (< 1915.5 kcal)

39.21

47.18

 Higher (≥ 1915.5 kcal)

40.55

35.65

 Unclear

20.23

17.17

Total Sugar, n (%)

0.079

 Lower (< 88.3 g)

40.02

40.22

 Higher (≥ 88.3 g)

39.74

42.62

 Unclear

20.23

17.17

Total Fat, n (%)

0.014

 Lower (< 77 g)

39.53

44.42

 Higher (≥ 77 g)

40.23

38.42

 Unclear

20.23

17.17

Total Water, n (%)

0.005

 Lower (< 2523.5 g)

39.46

45.02

 Higher (≥ 2523.5 g)

40.30

37.82

 Unclear

20.23

17.17

Total Fiber, n (%)

0.004

 Lower (< 14.5 g)

39.45

45.14

 Higher (≥ 14.5 g)

40.32

37.70

 Unclear

20.23

17.17

Caffeine consumption, n (%)

0.110

 Lower (< 93 g)

39.90

41.30

 Higher (≥ 93 g)

39.87

41.54

 Unclear

20.23

17.17

WII

11.07 ± 0.86

11.56 ± 0.76

< 0.001