Table 2 Description of the cognitive and behavior intervention

Cunningham, 2022

Teach evidence-based cognitive behavioral strategies to cope with pain and anxiety, given that anxiety commonly co-occurs in this population and is predictive of poor outcome.

Duarte, 2006

Modify inadequate responses of the child reacting to pain crises and the response of others, minimizing poorly adaptive and maximizing well-adapted behaviors toward pain; Physical exercise-walks, swimming, cycling, running around the block or the home, shadow boxing. Relaxation-breathing exercises and muscle relaxation with the objective of minimizing sympathetic nervous system activity during pain crises. Thought-stopping-with the objective of reducing anxiety. Distraction and attention-to-distract the patient when pain starts, redirecting their attention far from the pain and thus attenuating the neuronal impulses invoked by pain. Imagination-to encourage the child to think of pleasant or exciting situations when confronted with pain.

Grob, 2013

Imparting knowledge and teaching coping strategies, relaxation technique training, identification and change of negative pain-related thoughts and attention bias, techniques for increasing self-esteem.

Levy, 2010

Relaxation training, responses to illness and wellness behaviors,

and cognitive restructuring to address and alter dysfunctional cognitions regarding symptoms and their implications for functioning.

Levy, 2017

Teaching parents to differentially attend to and reinforce wellness behaviors (those behaviors incompatible with illness and disability) while decreasing attention and reinforcement of illness behaviors related to abdominal pain; to use more adaptive cognitive coping strategies including reducing catastrophizing cognitions and threat appraisals regarding FAP; and to model healthy responses to somatic symptoms.

Morris, 2021

recognizing stress in their child, using operant strategies to change child behavior, modeling of adaptive coping behaviors, sleep hygiene, and parent-child communication.

Palermo, 2009

education about chronic pain, recognizing stress and negative emotions, deep breathing and relaxation, distraction, cognitive skills, sleep hygiene and lifestyle, staying active, and relapse prevention

Palermo, 2016

education about chronic pain, recognizing stress and negative emotions, deep breathing and relaxation, implementing coping skills at school, cognitive skills (e.g., reducing negative thoughts), sleep hygiene and lifestyle, staying active (e.g., activity pacing, pleasant activity scheduling), and relapse prevention.

Robins, 2005

Develop understanding of child’s pain; Increase repertoire of pain management techniques; Increase understanding of connection between stress and pain perception; Increase repertoire of pain management techniques; Encourage child to “take control” of abdominal pain; Increase child’s awareness of positive and negative self-talk and impact on pain; Increase “partnership” between child and parent in active management of pain; Reinforce gains and prepare for continued coping.

Van der veek, 2013

Relaxation training; Cognitive therapy; Behavior therapy directed at behavior child; Behavior therapy directed at behavior of parents.

Warner, 2011

Applying relaxation, cognitive restructuring and exposure exercises to target fears related to physical pain and anxiety-inducing situations.