Table 1 Prevalence of polypharmacy, and Characteristics of patients with and without GERD enrolled in the Pars cohort study

Overall

2,325 (100)

365 (15.6; 14.2–17.2)

6,937 (100)

599 (8.6; 7.9–9.3)

< 0.001

Gender

Male

843 (36.3)

73 (8.6; 6.7–10.5)

3432 (49.5)

131 (3.8; 3.1–4.4)

0.491

Female

1482 (63.7)

292 (19.7; 17.6–21.7)

3505 (50.5)

468 (13.3; 12.2–14.4)

P

< 0.001

< 0.001

Age (years)

< 50

970 (41.7)

124 (12.7; 10.6–14.8)

3239 (46.7)

188 (5.8; 4.9–6.6)

0.253

50–59

679 (29.2)

96 (14.1; 11.5–16.7)

2146 (30.9)

206 (9.5; 8.3–10.8)

≥ 60

676 (29.1)

145 (21.4; 18.3–24.5)

1552 (22.4)

205 (13.2; 11.5–14.8)

P

0.001

0.001

Education

Literate

1304 (56.1)

216 (16.5; 14.5–18.5)

3234 (46.6)

348 (10.7; 9.6–11.8)

0.741

Illiterate

1021 (43.9)

149 (14.5; 12.4–16.7)

3703 (53.4)

251 (6.7; 5.9–7.5)

P

0.195

< 0.001

Marital Status

Not married

342 (14.7)

61 (17.8; 14.1–22.2)

708 (10.2)

86 (12.0; 9.8–14.6)

0.294

Married

1,983 (85.3)

304 (15.3; 13.8–16.9)

6,229 (89.8)

513 (8.2; 7.5–8.9)

P

0.239

0.001

Ethnicity

Fars

1278 (55.0)

228 (17.8; 15.7–19.9)

3937 (56.8)

399 (10.1; 9.1–11.0)

0.190

Non-Fars

1047 (45.0)

137 (13.0; 11.0- 15.1)

3000 (43.2)

200 (6.6; 5.7–7.5)

P

0.002

< 0.001

Socio- Economic status

Low

725 (31.2)

101 (13.9; 11.4–16.4)

1694 (24.4)

108 (6.3; 5.2–7.5)

0.003

Low- Middle

614 (26.4)

99(16.1; 13.2–19.0)

1885 (27.2)

166 (8.8; 7.5–10.0)

Middle-High

460 (19.8)

80 (17.3; 13.9–20.8)

1585 (22.8)

144 (9.0; 7.6–10.5)

High

526 (22.6)

85 (16.1; 13.0- 19.3)

1773 (25.6)

181 (10.2; 8.7–11.6)

P

0.418

0.001

Physical activity

Low

776 (33.4)

163 (21.0; 18.1–23.8)

2284 (32.9)

308 (13.4; 12.0- 14.8)

0.124

Moderate

773 (33.2)

131 (16.9; 14.3–19.5)

2283 (32.9)

191 (8.3; 7.2–9.5)

High

776 (33.4)

71 (9.1; 7.1–11.1)

2370 (34.2)

100 (4.2; 3.4- 5.0)

P

< 0.001

< 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

< 25

955 (41.1)

117 (12.2; 10.1–14.3)

3145 (45.3)

173 (5.5; 4.7–6.2)

0.574

25–30

909 (39.1)

143 (15.7; 13.3–18.0)

2533 (36.5)

243 (9.5; 8.4–10.7)

> 30

461 (19.8)

105 (22.7; 18.9–26.6)

1259 (18.2)

183 (14.5; 12.5–16.4)

P

< 0.001

< 0.001

Metabolic syndrome

No

1387 (59.7)

138 (9.9; 8.3–11.5)

4592 (66.2)

180 (3.9; 3.3–4.4)

0.062

Yes

938 (40.3)

227 (24.2; 21.5–26.9)

2345 (33.8)

419 (17.8; 16.3–19.4)

P

< 0.001

< 0.001

Alcohol use

No

2277 (97.9)

361 (15.8; 14.3–17.3)

6789 (97.9)

594 (8.7; 8.0- 9.4)

0.683

Yes

48 (2.1)

4 (8.3; 0.5, − 16.1)

148 (2.1)

5 (3.3; 1.4–7.8)

P

0.156

0.021

Cigarette smoking

No

1920 (82.6)

323 (16.8; 15.1–18.4)

5425 (78.2)

542 (9.9; 9.1–10.7)

0.323

Yes

405 (17.4)

42 (10.3; 7.4–13.3)

1512 (21.8)

57 (3.7; 2.8–4.7)

P

0.001

< 0.001

Tobacco use

No

1311 (56.4)

191 (14.5; 12.6–16.4)

4405 (63.5)

299 (6.7; 6.0- 7.5)

0.481

Yes

1014 (43.6)

174 (17.0; 14.7–19.4)

2532 (36.5)

300 (11.8; 10.5–13.1)

P

0.090

< 0.001

Opium use

No

2118 (91.1)

343 (16.1; 14.6–17.7)

6370 (91.8)

580 (9.1; 8.3–9.8)

0.033

Yes

207 (8.9)

22 (10.6; 6.4–14.8)

567 (8.2)

19 (3.3; 1.8–4.8)

P

0.036

< 0.001

No. of Comorbidities

0

0

0

1798 (25.9)

18 (1.0; 0.6–1.6)

< 0.001

1

292 (12.6)

12 (4.1; 2.1- 7.0)

1933 (27.9)

52 (2.7; 2.0- 3.5)

2–3

1048 (45.1)

81 (7.7; 6.2–9.5)

2230 (32.1)

231 (10.4; 9.1–11.7)

≥ 4

985 (42.3)

272 (27.6; 24.8–30.5)

976 (14.1)

298 (30.5; 27.6–33.5)

P

0.001

< 0.001