Table 2 Comparison of baseline demographic,clinical and laboratory characteristics between antibiotic and non-antibiotic groups in acute pancreatitis of different etiologies

Biliary pancreatitis

n = 650

n = 386

n = 264

Age,years

56.1 ± 16.4

57.3 ± 16.1

54.2 ± 16.7

0.835

Male,n(%)

392(59.9)

149(38.0)

113(42.4)

0.296

BMI Index (kg/m²)

24.7 ± 4.1

24.9 ± 4.1

24.4 ± 4.0

0.733

Smoking,n(%)

153(23.3)

98(25.0)

55(20.6)

0.621

Drinking,n(%)

139(21.2)

89(22.9)

50(18.7)

0.984

Comorbidity

HBP,n(%)

234(35.7)

142(36.5)

92(34.5)

0.120

DM,n(%)

83(12.6)

55(14.1)

28(7.2)

0.982

Severity Grade

Mild,n(%)

273(41.7)

69(25.2)

204(74.7)

< 0.001^*

Moderate-severe,n(%)

263(40.2)

212(80.6)

51(19.3)

< 0.001^*

Severe,n(%)

118(18.0)

11(9.3)

107(90.6)

< 0.001^*

Laboratory indicators on admission

Leukocyte count(×10⁹/L)

14.3 ± 5.6

15.9 ± 5.7

13.1 ± 4.1

0.325

Pct(ng/ml)

2.9 ± 6.8

3.8 ± 7.9

1.2 ± 3.2

< 0.001^*

CRP(μg/ml)

105.0 ± 98.0

120.4 ± 103.9

79.5 ± 81.6

< 0.001^*

Platelet count(× 10⁹/L)

200.8 ± 67.5

120.4 ± 103.9

203.5 ± 64.8

0.840

Serum amylase(U/L)

1096.1 ± 1069.8

1229.0 ± 1132.4

902.5 ± 940.4

0.039^*

Alanine aminotransferase(U/L)

100.0 ± 130.3

107.7 ± 133.4

88.9 ± 125.2

0.142

Total bilirubin(μmol/L)

33.5 ± 34.5

35.3 ± 38.0

30.9 ± 28.5

0.100

Creatinine(μmol/L)

85.4 ± 62.3

93.0 ± 73.2

74.2 ± 39.1

< 0.001^*

Calcium(mmol/L)

2.0 ± 0.2

2.0 ± 0.2

2.0 ± 0.1

< 0.001^*

Glucose(mmol/L)

8.3 ± 4.1

8.5 ± 4.2

7.9 ± 3.8

0.527

Potassium(mmol/L)

3.8 ± 0.5

3.8 ± 0.5

3.5 ± 3.8

0.735

Triglycerides(mmol/L)

1.7 ± 2.0

1.7 ± 2.0

1.8 ± 2.0

0.998

Modified Marshall score

0(0–8)

0(0–6)

0(0–8)

0.957

BISAP score

1(0–6)

2(0–6)

1(0–4)

0.069

APACHE II score

5(0–29)

6(0–29)

3(0–27)

0.990

CTSI score

4(0–8)

4(0–8)

3(0–8)

< 0.001^*

Laparotomy,(n%)

30(4.5)

22(5.6)

8(2.0)

0.104

Length of hospital stay,(days)

23.2 ± 23.7

25.4 ± 24.9

19.9 ± 21.5

0.130

In-hospital mortality,n(%)

21(3.2)

15(3.8)

6(2.2)

0.105

Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis

n = 352

n = 211

n = 141

Age,years

40.6 ± 11.0

39.9 ± 10.8

41.7 ± 11.3

0.418

Male,n(%)

100(28.3)

67(31.7)

33(23.2)

0.296

BMI Index (kg/m²)

26.5 ± 4.1

27.3 ± 4.8

26.5 ± 4.3

0.204

Smoking,n(%)

140(39.6)

85(40.2)

55(38.0)

0.087

Drinking,n(%)

131(37.1)

72(34.1)

59(41.5)

0.675

Comorbidity

HBP, n(%)

106(30.0)

61(28.9)

44(30.9)

0.309

DM, n(%)

112(31.7)

72(34.1)

40(28.1)

0.767

Severity Grade

Mild, n(%)

139(39.3)

48(22.7)

91(64.0)

< 0.001^*

Moderate-severe,n(%)

124(35.1)

78(26.9)

46(32.3)

0.378

Severe,n(%)

90(25.4)

85(40.2)

5(3.5)

< 0.001^*

Laboratory indicators on admission

Leukocyte count(×10⁹/L)

14.1 ± 4.7

14.2 ± 4.6

13.9 ± 4.8

0.110

Pct(ng/ml)

3.9 ± 11.0

5.6 ± 13.4

0.8 ± 1.2

0.086

CRP(μg/ml)

185.0 ± 123.3

206.1 ± 125.3

152.3 ± 112.9

0.586

Platelet count(×10⁹/L)

213.5 ± 67.7

215.0 ± 69.4

211.3 ± 65.2

0.355

Serum amylase(U/L)

521.0 ± 1344.0

621.0 ± 1694.4

377.4 ± 501.9

0.550

Alanine aminotransferase(U/L)

26.9 ± 23.1

25.3 ± 17.4

29.4 ± 29.6

0.162

Total bilirubin(μmol/L)

21.8 ± 29.2

22.9 ± 36.3

20.1 ± 12.3

0.391

Creatinine(μmol/L)

81.7 ± 57.3

88.9 ± 77.9

70.9 ± 45.6

0.125

Calcium(mmol/L)

2.4 ± 9.4

2.7 ± 12.2

2.1 ± 0.2

0.365

Glucose(mmol/L)

10.9 ± 5.1

12.1 ± 5.4

9.2 ± 3.9

0.039^*

Potassium(mmol/L)

3.9 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.7

3.9 ± 0.5

0.119

Triglycerides(mmol/L)

19.3 ± 97.1

17.0 ± 21.3

10.0 ± 12.8

0.864

Modified Marshall score

0(0–6)

0(0–6)

0(0–2)

0.043^*

BISAP score

1(0–4)

1(0–4)

0(0–3)

0.269

APACHE II score

6(0–25)

8(0–25)

2(0–17)

0.536

CTSI score

4(1–8)

5(2–8)

3(1–8)

0.524

Laparotomy, n(%)

8(2.26)

7(3.3)

1(0.7)

0.999

Length of hospital stay,(days)

26.2 ± 19.9

33.1 ± 20.9

15.9 ± 12.7

0.130

In-hospital mortality, n(%)

6(1.6)

6(2.8)

0(0)

0.999

Alcoholic pancreatitis

n = 71

n = 37

n = 34

Age,years

46.7 ± 11.8

46.6 ± 10.9

46.8 ± 12.9

0.997

Male,n(%)

10(14.0)

5(13.5)

5(14.7)

0.999

BMI Index(kg/m²)

26.2 ± 3.7

26.5 ± 4.1

25.8 ± 3.4

0.995

Smoking,n(%)

39(54.9)

25(67.5)

14(41.1)

1

Drinking,n(%)

71(100)

37(100)

34(100)

0.999

Comorbidity

HBP,n(%)

12(39.4)

12(32.4)

16(47.0)

0.999

DM,n(%)

8(21.1)

8(21.6)

7(20.5)

0.995

Laboratory indicators on admission

Leukocyte count(×10⁹/L)

13.7 ± 4.9

14.2 ± 4.7

13.1 ± 5.2

0.993

Pct(ng/ml)

4.1 ± 10.7

5.4 ± 13.4

2.0 ± 3.4

0.999

CRP(μg/ml)

130.7 ± 128.7

140.4 ± 129.7

120.0 ± 129.0

0.999

Platelet count(× 10⁹/L)

206.1 ± 67.7

203.8 ± 62.9

208.6 ± 73.6

0.996

Serum amylase(U/L)

697.1 ± 781.6

837.1 ± 916.6

548.7 ± 585.0

0.999

Alanine aminotransferase(U/L)

46.6 ± 86.5

41.5 ± 97.2

52.2 ± 74.2

0.997

Total bilirubin(μmol/L)

23.1 ± 15.0

21.0 ± 7.9

25.4 ± 20.0

0.995

Creatinine(μmol/L)

97.1 ± 100.7

113.1 ± 137.2

79.7 ± 20.1

1

Calcium(mmol/L)

2.0 ± 0.2

1.9 ± 0.3

2.0 ± 0.1

0.994

Glucose(mmol/L)

9.0 ± 5.6

10.4 ± 6.9

7.6 ± 3.3

0.999

Potassium(mmol/L)

3.9 ± 0.5

3.8 ± 0.5

3.7 ± 0.4

0.998

Triglycerides(mmol/L)

3.5 ± 4.9

2.8 ± 3.1

4.3 ± 6.4

0.994

Modified Marshall score

0(0–6)

0(0–6)

0(0–3)

0.957

BISAP score

1(0–4)

1(0–4)

1(0–4)

0.069

APACHE II score

3(0–18)

6(0–18)

2(0–16)

0.990

CTSI score

4(1–8)

4(1–8)

3(1–6)

0.997

Laparotomy, n(%)

10(14.0)

2(5.4)

8(0)

1

Length of hospital stay,(days)

25.7 ± 29.4

34.8 ± 36.7

15.7 ± 13.0

0.993

In-hospital mortality,n(%)

4(5.6)

4(21.6)

0(0)

1

Other

n = 56

n = 45

n = 11

Age,years

44.48 ± 15.36

44.73 ± 14.88

43.45 ± 17.93

0.835

Male,n(%)

15(26.78)

13(28.8)

2(18.1)

0.296

BMI Index(kg/m²)

26.42 ± 3.91

26.73 ± 3.93

25.13 ± 3.73

0.820

Smoking,n(%)

22(39.28)

20(62.5)

2(18.1)

0.621

Drinking,n(%)

25(44.64)

23(71.8)

2(18.1)

0.984

Comorbidity

HBP,n(%)

12(18.46)

11(34.3)

1(9)

0.120

DM,n(%)

8(14.28)

7(21.8)

1(9)

0.982

Laboratory indicators on admission

Leukocyte count(×10⁹/L)

13.74 ± 5.64

13.72 ± 5.87

13.83 ± 4.84

0.947

Pct(ng/ml)

5.00 ± 9.01

5.61 ± 9.46

0.64 ± 0.82

0.064

CRP(μg/ml)

217.12 ± 124.12

234.73 ± 123.09

79.58 ± 81.65

0.186

Platelet count(×10⁹/L)

194.50 ± 57.24

195.04 ± 58.86

192.27 ± 52.63

0.484

Serum amylase(U/L)

532.22 ± 505.39

542.38 ± 515.03

486.5 ± 482.58

0.754

Alanine aminotransferase(U/L)

54.13 ± 121.23

60.07 ± 134.5

29.82 ± 20.57

0.171

Total bilirubin(μmol/L)

29.04 ± 32.58

31.43 ± 35.84

19.25 ± 7.39

0.117

Creatinine(μmol/L)

87.84 ± 64.09

91.38 ± 70.41

73.36 ± 22.04

0.097

Calcium(mmol/L)

1.86 ± 0.38

1.81 ± 0.28

2.06 ± 0.35

0.881

Glucose(mmol/L)

11.07 ± 4.44

11.68 ± 4.33

8.62 ± 4.23

0.932

Potassium(mmol/L)

3.97 ± 0.64

3.99 ± 0.67

3.91 ± 0.57

0.938

Triglycerides(mmol/L)

11.99 ± 11.72

13.47 ± 12.31

6.06 ± 6.47

0.079

Modified Marshall score

1(0–4)

0(0–6)

0(0–8)

0.196

BISAP score

2(0–4)

2(0–6)

1(0–4)

0.218

APACHE II score

8(1–29)

6(0–29)

3(0–27)

0.149

CTSI score

6(1–8)

4(0–8)

3(0–8)

0.849

Laparotomy, n(%)

3(4.6)

3(9.3)

0(0)

0.104

Length of hospital stay,(days)

34.75 ± 30.34

25.46 ± 24.98

19.97 ± 21.51

0.574

In-hospital mortality,n(%)

3(5.35)

3(9.3)0

0(0)

0.105