Table 1 Univariate analysis of factors influencing H. pylori infection
Variables | H. pylori-positive (N = 415) | H. pylori-negative (N = 257) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (male/female) | 194/221 | 127/130 | 0.501 |
Age, y (mean ± SD) | 47.3 ± 12.8 | 48.5 ± 10.1 | 0.163 |
Occupation, n (indoor/outdoor worker) | 116/299 | 79/178 | 0.439 |
Residential area, n (urban/rural) | 316/99 | 181/76 | 0.101 |
Body type, n(normal/overweight/obesity) | 289/112/14 | 168/70/19 | 0.059 |
Marital status, n (married/single) | 376/39 | 250/7 | 0.001 |
Education level, n (elementary school and below/middle school/university and above) | 48/188/179 | 64/125/68 | < 0.001 |
Family size, n (< 4/≥4 people) | 167/248 | 125/132 | 0.033 |
Annual income, n (low/medium low/medium/medium high/high) | 28/93/112/84/98 | 2/41/68/68/78 | < 0.001 |
Cigarette smoking, n (yes/no) | 88/327 | 69/188 | 0.093 |
Alcohol consumption, n (yes/no) | 32/383 | 21/236 | 0.830 |
History of periodontal disease, n (yes/no) | 119/296 | 73/184 | 0.940 |
Hygiene of dining place, n (good/poor) | 321/94 | 187/70 | 0.179 |
Main source of drinking water, n (clean/probably polluted) | 363/52 | 212/45 | 0.074 |
Drinking unheated water, n (yes/no) | 93/322 | 66/191 | 0.332 |
Vitamin D serum level, n (< 20/≥20 ng/ml) | 311/104 | 157/100 | < 0.001 |