Table 1 Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and general information of the individual
Characteristics | All N(%) | Hp infected persons N(%) | Hp non-infected persons N(%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | p value | OR(95%CI) | p value | ||||
Sex | |||||||
 Male | 606(44.72%) | 269(44.39%) | 337(55.61%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Female | 749(55.28%) | 360(48.06%) | 389(51.94%) | 1.16(0.94-1.44) | 0.178 |  |  |
Age | |||||||
 0-9 | 137(10.11%) | 29(21.17%) | 108(78.83%) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 10-19 | 105(7.75%) | 33(31.43%) | 72(68.57%) | 1.71(0.95-3.05) | 0.071 | 1.50(0.78-2.88) | 0.224 |
 20-29 | 176(12.99%) | 83(47.16%) | 93(52.84%) | 3.32(2.00-5.51) | 0.000 | 2.66(1.27-5.58) | 0.010 |
 30-39 | 316(23.32%) | 176(55.70%) | 140(44.30%) | 4.68(2.94-7.46) | 0.000 | 3.70(1.66-8.23) | 0.001 |
 40-49 | 232(17.12%) | 111(47.84%) | 121(52.16%) | 3.42(2.11-5.54) | 0.000 | 2.59(1.16-5.76) | 0.020 |
 50-59 | 224(16.53%) | 102(45.54%) | 122(54.46%) | 3.11(1.91-5.07) | 0.000 | 2.38(1.09-5.21) | 0.029 |
 ≥60 | 165(12.18%) | 95(57.58%) | 70(42.42%) | 5.05(3.03-8.44) | 0.000 | 4.01(1.83-8.79) | 0.001 |
Living area | |||||||
 City | 846(62.44%) | 395(46.69%) | 451(53.31%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Urban-rural combination | 374(27.60%) | 170(45.45%) | 204(54.55%) | 0.95(0.75-1.21) | 0.690 |  |  |
 Rural | 135(9.96%) | 64(47.41%) | 71(52.59%) | 1.03(0.72-1.48) | 0.877 |  |  |
Geographical location | |||||||
 Haikou | 502(37.05%) | 231(46.02%) | 271(53.98%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Danzhou | 257(18.97%) | 134(52.14%) | 123(47.86%) | 1.28(0.95-1.73) | 0.110 |  |  |
 Wenchang | 140(10.33%) | 61(43.57%) | 79(56.43%) | 0.91(0.62-1.32) | 0.608 |  |  |
 Dongfang | 380(28.04%) | 168(44.21%) | 212(55.79%) | 0.93(0.71-1.22) | 0.594 |  |  |
 Changjiang Li Autonomous County | 76(5.61%) | 35(46.05%) | 41(53.95%) | 1.00(0.62-1.62) | 0.995 |  |  |
Ethnicity | |||||||
 Han | 928(87.46%) | 422(45.47%) | 506(54.53%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Li | 63(5.94%) | 33(52.38%) | 30(47.62%) | 1.32(0.79-2.20) | 0.288 |  |  |
Educational level | |||||||
 Primary school or lower | 292(21.55%) | 98(33.56%) | 194(66.44%) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Junior or senior high school | 371(27.38%) | 186(50.13%) | 185(49.87%) | 0.51(0.38-0.68) | 0.000 | 1.27(0.85-1.89) | 0.251 |
 College education or beyond | 692(51.07%) | 345(49.86%) | 347(50.14%) | 1.01(0.79-1.30) | 0.931 | 1.03(0.64-1.66) | 0.916 |
Educational level (exclusion adjustment for the age variable in the multivariate regression analysis) | |||||||
 Primary school or lower | 292(21.55%) | 98(33.56%) | 194(66.44%) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Junior or senior high school | 371(27.38%) | 186(50.13%) | 185(49.87%) | 0.51(0.38-0.68) | 0.000 | 1.64(1.18-2.29) | 0.004 |
 College education or beyond | 692(51.07%) | 345(49.86%) | 347(50.14%) | 1.01(0.79-1.30) | 0.931 | 1.65(1.22-2.22) | 0.001 |
Marital status | |||||||
 Unmarried | 384(28.34%) | 135(35.16%) | 249(64.84%) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Married | 954(70.41%) | 486(50.94%) | 468(49.06%) | 1.92(1.50-2.45) | 0.000 | 0.89(0.58-1.37) | 0.591 |
 Other | 17(1.25%) | 8(47.06%) | 9(52.94%) | 1.64(0.62-4.35) |  |  |  |
Marital status (exclusion adjustment for the age variable in the multivariate regression analysis) | |||||||
 Unmarried | 384(28.34%) | 135(35.16%) | 249(64.84%) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Married | 954(70.41%) | 486(50.94%) | 468(49.06%) | 1.92(1.50-2.45) | 0.000 | 1.64(1.27-2.13) | 0.000 |
 Other | 17(1.25%) | 8(47.06%) | 9(52.94%) | 1.64(0.62-4.35) | 0.32 | 1.53(0.57-4.09) | 0.395 |
Drink raw water | |||||||
 No | 1311(96.75%) | 612(46.68%) | 699(53.32%) | Reference | 0.295 |  |  |
 Yes | 44(3.25%) | 17(38.64%) | 27(61.36%) | 0.72(0.32-1.33) |  |  |  |
Wash hands before meals and after defecation | |||||||
 No | 110(8.12%) | 58(52.73%) | 52(47.27%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 1245(91.88%) | 571(45.86%) | 729(58.55%) | 0.76(0.51-1.12) | 0.168 |  |  |
Dining in the school/Unit Canteen | |||||||
 Rarely | 1263(93.21%) | 586(46.40%) | 677(53.60%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 More than two days per week | 92(6.79%) | 43(46.74%) | 49(53.26%) | 1.01(0.66-1.55) | 0.949 |  |  |
Dining in the small restaurants | |||||||
 Rarely | 1133(83.62%) | 525(46.34%) | 608(53.66%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 More than two days per week | 222(16.38%) | 104(46.85%) | 118(53.15%) | 1.02(0.77-1.36) | 0.889 |  |  |
Dining in the hotel restaurant | |||||||
 Rarely | 1251(92.32%) | 581(46.44%) | 670(53.56%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 More than two days per week | 104(7.68%) | 48(46.15%) | 56(53.85%) | 0.99(0.66-1.48) | 0.955 |  |  |
Gastrointestinal discomfort within the last 1 year | |||||||
 No | 912(67.31%) | 426(46.71%) | 486(53.29%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 443(32.69%) | 203(45.82%) | 240(54.18%) | 0.96(0.77-1.21) | 0.759 |  |  |
Gastroscopy within 5 years | |||||||
 No | 1160(85.61%) | 549(47.33%) | 611(52.67%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 195(14.39%) | 80(41.03%) | 115(58.97%) | 0.77(0.57-1.05) | 0.103 |  |  |
Gastroscopic diagnosis | |||||||
 Chronic gastritis | 105(7.75%) | 46(43.81%) | 59(56.19%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Peptic ulcer | 31(2.29%) | 12(38.71%) | 19(61.29%) | 0.81(0.36-1.84) | 0.614 |  |  |
 Others | 29(2.14%) | 10(34.48%) | 19(65.52%) | 0.68(0.29-1.59) | 0.369 |  |  |
 Unknown | 30(2.21%) | 12(40.00%) | 18(60.00%) | 0.86(0.37-1.95) | 0.710 |  |  |
Previously tested for Hp infection | |||||||
 No | 1125(83.03%) | 530(47.11%) | 595(52.89%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 230(16.97%) | 99(43.04%) | 131(56.96%) | 0.85(0.64-1.13) | 0.260 |  |  |
Previous anti-Hp treatment | |||||||
 No | 1254(92.55%) | 588(46.89%) | 666(53.11%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 101(7.45%) | 41(40.59%) | 60(59.41%) | 0.77(0.51-1.77) | 0.223 |  |  |
History of gastroduodenal surgery | |||||||
 No | 1343(99.11%) | 4(33.33%) | 8(66.67%) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 12(0.89%) | 4(33.33%) | 8(66.67%) | 0.57(0.17-1.92) | 0.367 |  |  |
 Total | 1355 | 629(46.42%) | 726(53.58%) |  |  |  |  |