Table 2 Definitions of major complications of pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [17]
From: Adverse events of pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a literature review
Complication1 | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
|---|---|---|---|
Post-ESWL pancreatitis | Clinical pancreatitis, amylase at least three times the normal level at >24 h after procedures, require admission or extension of planned admission from 2 days to 3 days | Requires hospitalization of 4–10 days | Hospitalization for 10 days, pseudocyst or intervention (percutaneous drainage or surgery) |
Bleeding2 | Clinical evidence of bleeding, hemoglobin drop<3 g, no transfusion | Transfusion of ≤ 4 units, no angiographic intervention, or surgery | Transfusion of ≥ 5 units or intervention (angiographic or surgery) |
Infection | >38℃ for 24–48 h | Require >3 days of hospital treatment | Abscess, septic shock, or intervention (percutaneous drainage or surgery) |
Steinstrasse | Severe abdomen pain without other post-ESWL complications | Combined with other complications, or requires >3 days of hospital treatment | Combined with other complications; hospitalization>10 days, or surgery |
Perforation | Possible, or very slight leak of fluid, treatable with fluids and suction for ≤ 3 days | Any definite perforation treated medically for 4–10 days | Medical treatment for >10 days or intervention (percutaneous or surgical) |