Prevalence of vomiting and nausea and associated factors after chronic and acute gluten exposure in celiac disease

Table 3 Prevalence of vomiting and nausea after chronic gluten exposure at celiac disease diagnosis in adult patients as found in the literature

Country, publication year	Patients^a	Females	Age at dg, years	Vomiting	Nausea	Vomiting or nausea,
	n	%	Mean ± SD or median (Q₁, Q₃ or range)	%	%	%
Volunteered celiac disease patients, retrospective
Current study	815	77	44 (34, 53)	3	ND	ND
Celiac disease society members, retrospective
USA, 2003 [20]	134	81	45 ± 11^b	ND	ND	46
Patients found in clinical practice, retrospective
Italy, 2020 [21]	278	69	35 ± 12^b	3	ND	ND
Brazil, 2019 [22]	240	67	38 ± 13^b	10	36	ND
USA, 2018 [23]	250^c	78	39 (18–76)	9	15	ND
Netherlands, 2016 [24]	412	66	40 (21, 58)^b	5	16	ND
Iran, 2014 [25]	103	61	32 ± 11^b	18	ND	ND
Pakistan, 2013 [26]	77	47	30 ± 13^b	33	ND	ND
UK, 2007 [27]	105	67	54 (25–88)	5	ND	ND
UK, 2006 [28]	32	60	53 (23–86)	ND	ND	28
Italy, 2001 [29]	286	71	38 ± 5^b	ND	ND	12
Patients found in clinical practice, prospective
Italy, 2022 [30]	317	73	36 (18–76)^d	ND	ND	21
Canada, 2016 [7]	105^e	69	37 (27, 54)	9	ND	ND
Italy, 2012 [31]	1166	74	35 ± 11	4	ND	ND
Italy, 2012 [31]	59	58	70 ± 4	5	ND	ND
USA, 2011 [32]	31^f	65	55 ± 15	4	14	ND

ND No data, SD Standard deviation
^aData available of symptoms
^bNot specified whether childhood diagnoses were also included
^cOnly patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were included in the calculations
^dAge of females
^eParticipation rate of invited patients (n = 182) was 58%
^fDiagnosis based on seropositivity

ISSN: 1471-230X