Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2010 (Using the Stool Consistency Definition of Constipation), weighted
Characteristic | No constipation (unweight n = 12,899; weight n = 181,298,423) | Constipation (unweight n = 1049; weight n = 13,397,989) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Proportion % (95% CI) | SE of % | n | Proportion % (95% CI) | SE of % | ||
Sex |  < 0.001 | ||||||
Female | 6214 | 49.7 (48.6,50.7) | 0.5 | 706 | 71.4 (67.4,75.1) | 1.9 | Â |
Male | 6685 | 50.3 (49.3,51.4) | 0.5 | 343 | 28.6 (24.9,32.6) | 1.9 | Â |
Age (yr) | 0.105 | ||||||
 < 45 | 5301 | 45.8 (43.7,47.9) | 1.0 | 479 | 49.8 (45.8,53.8) | 2.0 |  |
≥ 45, < 65 | 4423 | 36.9 (35.6,38.3) | 0.7 | 342 | 32.7 (29.0,36.6) | 1.9 |  |
≥ 65 | 3175 | 17.3 (16.0,18.6) | 0.6 | 246 | 17.5 (15.0,20.4) | 1.3 |  |
Ethnicity |  < 0.001 | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 6465 | 72.4 (68.6,75.9) | 1.8 | 456 | 64.2 (57.2,70.7) | 3.4 | Â |
Mexican American | 2309 | 7.8 (6.1,9.8) | 0.9 | 191 | 9.7 (7.3,12.7) | 1.3 | Â |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2542 | 10.7 (9.0,12.6) | 0.9 | 245 | 15.4 (11.7,19.9) | 2.0 | Â |
Other Hispanic | 1068 | 4.1 (3.1,5.5) | 0.6 | 118 | 5.2 (3.6,7.4) | 0.9 | Â |
Other Race | 515 | 5.1 (4.3,5.9) | 0.4 | 39 | 5.5 (3.0,9.8) | 1.6 | Â |
Education |  < 0.001 | ||||||
 < High school | 3550 | 17.5 (15.9,19.1) | 0.8 | 353 | 24.1 (20.4,28.2) | 1.9 |  |
High School | 3036 | 24.1 (22.7,25.5) | 0.7 | 286 | 29.2 (25.4,33.4) | 2.0 | Â |
> High School | 6280 | 58.5 (56.0,60.9) | 1.2 | 407 | 46.7 (41.5,51.9) | 2.6 | Â |
Income-poverty ratio (%) |  < 0.001 | ||||||
 < 2 | 5393 | 30.3(28.4,32.3) | 1.0 | 517 | 39.9 (35.5, 44.4) | 2.2 |  |
≥ 2 | 6578 | 64.2 (62.0,66.3) | 1.1 | 451 | 53.2 (48.8, 57.5) | 2.2 |  |
Missing data | 928 | 5.5 (4.8, 6.3) | 0.4 | 81 | 7.0 (4.8, 9.9) | 1.2 | Â |
BMI (kg/m2) |  < 0.001 | ||||||
 < 25 | 3589 | 30.9 (29.1,32.7) | 0.9 | 364 | 38.4 (34.2,42.7) | 2.1 |  |
≥ 25, < 30 | 4417 | 33.6 (32.1,35.1) | 0.7 | 342 | 33.9 (30.2,37.8) | 1.9 |  |
≥ 30 | 4782 | 35.5 (33.9,37.1) | 0.8 | 331 | 27.8 (24.3,31.5) | 1.8 |  |
Physical activity (MET-min/week) |  < 0.001 | ||||||
 < 500 | 2405 | 20.3 (19.0, 21.8) | 0.7 | 194 | 20.8 (17.4, 24.7) | 1.8 |  |
≥ 500 | 7126 | 59.4 (57.5, 61.3) | 1.0 | 504 | 52.2 (48.6, 55.8) | 1.8 |  |
Missing data | 3368 | 20.2 (18.9, 21.6) | 0.7 | 351 | 27.0 (23.7, 30.5) | 1.7 | Â |
Poor oral health |  < 0.001 | ||||||
No | 10,162 | 82.4 (81.0,83.7) | 0.7 | 775 | 76.3 (72.8, 79.6) | 1.7 | Â |
Yes | 1680 | 10.0 (9.2,10.8) | 0.4 | 170 | 15.7 (12.8, 19.2) | 1.6 | Â |
Missing data | 1057 | 7.6 (6.6, 8.8) | 0.5 | 104 | 8.0 (6.5, 9.8) | 0.8 | Â |
Hypertension | 0.155 | ||||||
No | 8115 | 67.4 (65.9,68.8) | 0.7 | 710 | 69.9 (66.0,73.5) | 1.9 | Â |
Yes | 4782 | 32.6 (31.2,34.1) | 0.7 | 339 | 30.1 (26.5,34.0) | 1.9 | Â |
Depression |  < 0.001 | ||||||
No | 11,776 | 92.7 (91.8,93.5) | 0.4 | 902 | 86.6 (83.3,89.3) | 1.5 | Â |
Yes | 1077 | 7.3 (6.5,8.2) | 0.4 | 141 | 13.4 (10.7,16.7) | 1.5 | Â |
Diabetes | 0.521 | ||||||
No | 10,579 | 87.4 (86.3,88.3) | 0.5 | 877 | 88.2 (85.7,90.2) | 1.1 | Â |
Yes | 2313 | 12.6 (11.7,13.7) | 0.5 | 172 | 11.8 (9.8,14.3) | 1.1 | Â |
Smoking status | 0.013 | ||||||
Never | 6651 | 51.8 (50.0,53.6) | 0.9 | 622 | 57.1 (53.2,60.9) | 1.9 | Â |
Former | 3349 | 25.2 (23.8,26.5) | 0.7 | 221 | 20.8 (17.8,24.2) | 1.6 | Â |
Now | 2896 | 23.0 (21.7,24.3) | 0.6 | 206 | 22.1 (18.9,25.7) | 1.7 | Â |
Drinking status |  < 0.001 | ||||||
No | 3502 | 22.7 (20.8,24.7) | 1.0 | 403 | 33.7 (29.9,37.7) | 1.9 | Â |
Yes | 9390 | 77.3 (75.3,79.2) | 1.0 | 644 | 66.3 (62.3,70.1) | 1.9 | Â |
Milk | 0.031 | ||||||
Often | 5222 | 41.8 (40.1,43.5) | 0.8 | 460 | 46.0 (40.8,51.2) | 2.6 | Â |
Sometimes | 3657 | 28.7 (27.6,29.9) | 0.6 | 257 | 22.8 (19.2,26.9) | 1.9 | Â |
Rarely | 1895 | 14.2 (13.3,15.2) | 0.5 | 145 | 13.8 (11.0,17.1) | 1.5 | Â |
Never | 2077 | 15.3 (14.3,16.4) | 0.5 | 181 | 17.4 (14.5,20.8) | 1.6 | Â |
Energy |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4205 | 28.9 (27.6,30.2) | 0.6 | 440 | 39.3 (34.6,44.2) | 2.4 | Â |
T2 | 4298 | 34.1 (32.8,35.5) | 0.7 | 355 | 35.9 (31.6,40.6) | 2.3 | Â |
T3 | 4396 | 36.9 (35.3,38.6) | 0.8 | 254 | 24.7 (21.9,27.8) | 1.5 | Â |
Total fat |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4211 | 28.5 (27.1,29.9) | 0.7 | 438 | 38.8 (34.5,43.4) | 2.2 | Â |
T2 | 4290 | 33.7 (32.5,34.9) | 0.6 | 359 | 35.8 (32.3,39.5) | 1.8 | Â |
T3 | 4398 | 37.8 (36.2,39.5) | 0.8 | 252 | 25.4 (22.3,28.6) | 1.6 | Â |
Dietary fiber |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4175 | 30.1 (28.3,31.9) | 0.9 | 447 | 43.5 (39.9,47.2) | 1.8 | Â |
T2 | 4245 | 34.5 (33.2,35.8) | 0.6 | 328 | 30.2 (26.5,34.1) | 1.9 | Â |
T3 | 4379 | 35.4 (33.4,37.5) | 1.0 | 247 | 26.3 (22.5,30.6) | 2.0 | Â |
Selenium |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4192 | 29.6 (28.3,30.8) | 0.6 | 455 | 44.0 (39.2,48.9) | 2.4 | Â |
T2 | 4295 | 33.1 (31.9,34.3) | 0.6 | 351 | 32.4 (28.5,36.6) | 2.0 | Â |
T3 | 4412 | 37.3 (35.7,38.9) | 0.8 | 243 | 23.6 (19.2,28.6) | 2.3 | Â |
Magnesium |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4182 | 27.7 (26.0,29.5) | 0.9 | 467 | 42.4 (38.3,46.7) | 2.1 | Â |
T2 | 4308 | 33.6 (32.6,34.6) | 0.5 | 341 | 33.4 (29.6,37.5) | 2.0 | Â |
T3 | 4409 | 38.7 (36.9,40.5) | 0.9 | 241 | 24.2 (20.6,28.2) | 1.9 | Â |
Calcium |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4242 | 28.4 (26.9,30.0) | 0.8 | 405 | 35.2 (31.3,39.3) | 2.0 | Â |
T2 | 4287 | 33.4 (32.2,34.7) | 0.6 | 364 | 36.4 (33.0,39.9) | 1.7 | Â |
T3 | 4370 | 38.2 (36.4,39.9) | 0.9 | 280 | 28.4 (24.6,32.5) | 2.0 | Â |
Sodium |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4208 | 28.0 (26.7,29.4) | 0.7 | 441 | 38.8 (34.5,43.2) | 2.2 | Â |
T2 | 4266 | 33.7 (32.4,34.9) | 0.6 | 381 | 38.8 (34.8,43.0) | 2.1 | Â |
T3 | 4425 | 38.3 (36.9,39.7) | 0.7 | 227 | 22.4 (19.9,25.2) | 1.3 | Â |
Potassium |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4187 | 28.5 (26.9,30.2) | 0.8 | 457 | 41.0 (37.0,45.1) | 2.0 | Â |
T2 | 4304 | 32.6 (31.5,33.6) | 0.5 | 349 | 32.3 (28.3,36.5) | 2.0 | Â |
T3 | 4408 | 38.9 (37.1,40.7) | 0.9 | 243 | 26.7 (23.3,30.4) | 1.8 | Â |
Phosphorus |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 4089 | 28.1 (26.5,29.7) | 0.8 | 457 | 40.4 (36.7,44.2) | 1.9 | Â |
T2 | 4311 | 33.7 (32.5,34.8) | 0.6 | 340 | 32.8 (29.0,36.8) | 1.9 | Â |
T3 | 4399 | 38.3 (36.8,39.8) | 0.7 | 252 | 26.8 (23.8,30.0) | 1.5 | Â |
Plain water |  < 0.001 | ||||||
T1 | 3773 | 26.9 (25.4,28.6) | 0.8 | 354 | 35.0 (30.3,40.1) | 2.5 | Â |
T2 | 3796 | 28.9 (27.7,30.1) | 0.6 | 334 | 31.4 (27.6,35.4) | 2.0 | Â |
T3 | 3896 | 34.0 (32.1,35.9) | 1.0 | 242 | 24.4 (21.0,28.2) | 1.8 | Â |
Missing data | 1434 | 10.2 (9.3,11.2) | 0.5 | 119 | 9.2 (6.8,12.4) | 1.4 | Â |
Tap water | 0.036 | ||||||
= 0 | 4309 | 30.1 (28.1,32.1) | 1.0 | 403 | 35.9 (30.6,41.6) | 2.8 | Â |
> 0 | 7156 | 59.7 (57.5,61.9) | 1.1 | 527 | 54.9 (49.9,59.8) | 2.5 | Â |
Missing data | 1434 | 10.2 (9.3,11.2) | 0.5 | 119 | 9.2 (6.8,12.4) | 1.4 | Â |
Bottled water | 0.313 | ||||||
= 0 | 6179 | 49.8 (47.5,52.2) | 1.2 | 510 | 53.3 (48.6,58.0) | 2.3 | Â |
> 0 | 5286 | 40.0 (37.9,42.0) | 1.0 | 420 | 37.5 (33.1,42.1) | 2.3 | Â |
Missing data | 1434 | 10.2 (9.3,11.2) | 0.5 | 119 | 9.2 (6.8,12.4) | 1.4 | Â |
Coffee | 0.004 | ||||||
= 0 | 4409 | 35.2 (33.7,36.8) | 0.8 | 419 | 42.2 (38.1,46.4) | 2.1 | Â |
> 0 | 7055 | 54.6 (52.9,56.2) | 0.8 | 510 | 48.6 (44.6,52.5) | 2.0 | Â |
Missing data | 1435 | 10.2 (9.3,11.2) | 0.5 | 120 | 9.2 (6.8,12.4) | 1.4 | Â |
Tea | 0.659 | ||||||
= 0 | 7483 | 57.1 (55.2,59.0) | 0.9 | 607 | 56.4 (51.0,61.6) | 2.6 | Â |
> 0 | 3981 | 32.7 (30.8,34.6) | 1.0 | 322 | 34.3 (29.7,39.3) | 2.4 | Â |
Missing data | 1435 | 10.2 (9.3,11.2) | 0.5 | 120 | 9.2 (6.8,12.4) | 1.4 | Â |