Table 1 Clinical characteristics of pediatric cases with native liver and transplanted liver who underwent percutaneous liver biopsies

Sex

Male

734 (56.0)

967 (42.5)

1701 (47.5)

 < 0.001

Age (years)

10 (5–15)

9 (5–13)

10 (5–14)

 < 0.001

Age (years)

 < 1

48 (3.7)

17 (0.7)

65 (1.8)

 < 0.001

1–5

320 (24.4)

650 (28.6)

970 (27.1)

6–11

360 (27.5)

797 (35.0)

1157 (32.3)

12–17

582 (44.4)

810 (35.6)

1392 (38.8)

BMI or BMI-SDS

Underweight

140 (10.7)

275 (12.1)

415 (11.6)

 < 0.001

Normal

929 (70.9)

1825 (80.3)

2754 (76.8)

Overweight or obesity

241 (18.4)

174 (7.7)

415 (11.6)

CCC score

 ≤ 1

1086 (82.9)

1956 (86.0)

3042 (84.9)

0.012

 ≥ 2

224 (17.1)

318 (14.0)

542 (15.1)

Comorbidities on admission

Anemia or coagulation diseases

65 (5.0)

142 (6.2)

207 (5.8)

0.11

Cancers other than liver cancer

12 (0.9)

14 (0.6)

26 (0.7)

0.31

Acute liver failure

53 (4.0)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Liver cirrhosis

155 (11.8)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Biliary atresia

239 (18.2)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Inborn errors of metabolism

154 (11.8)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Autoimmune hepatitis

87 (6.6)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Liver cancer

17 (1.3)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Transplant rejection

N/A

659 (29.0)

N/A

N/A

Unscheduled admission

85 (6.5)

183 (8.0)

268 (7.5)

0.088

Corticosteroids use

42 (3.2)

289 (12.7)

331 (9.2)

 < 0.001

Immunosuppressant use

56 (4.3)

760 (33.4)

816 (22.8)

 < 0.001

Type of anesthesia

General anesthesia

447 (34.1)

425 (18.7)

872 (24.3)

 < 0.001

Without general anesthesia

860 (65.6)

1848 (81.3)

2708 (75.6)

Unknown

3 (0.2)

1 (0.0)

4 (0.1)

Previous liver biopsies history

309 (23.6)

1495 (65.7)

1804 (50.3)

 < 0.001

Hospital volume per year (cases)

1–17

830 (63.4)

349 (15.3)

1179 (32.9)

 < 0.001

18–54

339 (25.9)

771 (33.9)

1110 (31.0)

 ≥ 55

141 (10.8)

1154 (50.7)

1295 (36.1)

Major complications

13 (1.0)

5 (0.2)

18 (0.5)

0.002