Table 1 Baseline characteristics and laboratory parameters of all patients
Variables | Total (n = 881) | ICU-survival group (n = 628) | ICU-death group (n = 253) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, Mean ± SD | 58.65 ± 11.57 | 58.33 ± 11.20 | 59.47 ± 12.43 | t = − 1.260 | 0.207 |
Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 1.734 | 0.188 | |||
Female | 288 (32.69) | 197 (31.37) | 91 (35.97) | ||
Male | 593 (67.31) | 431 (68.63) | 162 (64.03) | ||
Insurance, n (%) | χ2 = 0.725 | 0.696 | |||
Medicare | 378 (42.91) | 271 (43.15) | 107 (42.29) | ||
Others | 203 (23.04) | 140 (22.29) | 63 (24.90) | ||
Private | 300 (34.05) | 217 (34.55) | 83 (32.81) | ||
ICU type, n (%) | χ2 = 11.233 | 0.004 | |||
MICU | 486 (55.16) | 327 (52.07) | 159 (62.85) | ||
CCU/CSRU | 95 (10.78) | 66 (10.51) | 29 (11.46) | ||
SICU/TSICU | 300 (34.05) | 235 (37.42) | 65 (25.69) | ||
Marital, n (%) | χ2 = 0.955 | 0.812 | |||
Married | 389 (44.15) | 272 (43.31) | 117 (46.25) | ||
Single | 316 (35.87) | 226 (35.99) | 90 (35.57) | ||
Widowed | 52 (5.90) | 38 (6.05) | 14 (5.53) | ||
Divorced/separated | 124 (14.07) | 92 (14.65) | 32 (12.65) | ||
Race, n (%) | χ2 = 5.776 | 0.217 | |||
White | 688 (78.09) | 490 (78.03) | 198 (78.26) | ||
Black | 76 (8.63) | 49 (7.80) | 27 (10.67) | ||
Asian | 26 (2.95) | 17 (2.71) | 9 (3.56) | ||
Hispanic | 48 (5.45) | 40 (6.37) | 8 (3.16) | ||
Others | 43 (4.88) | 32 (5.10) | 11 (4.35) | ||
ACLF, n (%) | χ2 = 62.746 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 325 (36.89) | 283 (45.06) | 42 (16.60) | ||
Yes | 556 (63.11) | 345 (54.94) | 211 (83.40) | ||
Pathogenesis, n (%) | χ2 = 2.252 | 0.324 | |||
Alcoholic | 426 (48.35) | 298 (47.45) | 128 (50.59) | ||
No alcoholic | 438 (49.72) | 320 (50.96) | 118 (46.64) | ||
Biliary | 17 (1.93) | 10 (1.59) | 7 (2.77) | ||
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%) | 224 (25.43) | 159 (25.32) | 65 (25.69) | χ2 = 0.013 | 0.908 |
Ascites, n (%) | 281 (31.90) | 200 (31.85) | 81 (32.02) | χ2 = 0.002 | 0.961 |
Hepatocerebral syndrome, n (%) | 153 (17.37) | 100 (15.92) | 53 (20.95) | χ2 = 3.173 | 0.075 |
RRT, n (%) | 81 (9.19) | 46 (7.32) | 35 (13.83) | χ2 = 9.152 | 0.002 |
Vasopressors, n (%) | 290 (32.92) | 124 (19.75) | 166 (65.61) | χ2 = 171.822 | < 0.001 |
Ventilation, n (%) | 369 (41.88) | 261 (41.56) | 108 (42.69) | χ2 = 0.094 | 0.759 |
Transplantation, n (%) | 106 (12.03) | 104 (16.56) | 2 (0.79) | χ2 = 42.375 | < 0.001 |
Temperature, ℃, Mean ± SD | 36.66 ± 0.86 | 36.70 ± 0.84 | 36.54 ± 0.89 | t = 2.590 | 0.010 |
Heart rate, times/min, Mean ± SD | 94.90 ± 18.76 | 93.51 ± 18.51 | 98.34 ± 18.97 | t = − 3.480 | < 0.001 |
SBP, Mean ± SD | 119.88 ± 20.35 | 121.07 ± 20.52 | 116.91 ± 19.66 | t = 2.760 | 0.006 |
DBP, M (Q1, Q3) | 63.00 (53.00, 72.00) | 63.00 (54.50, 72.00) | 61.00 (50.00, 71.00) | Z = − 2.346 | 0.019 |
MAP, Mean ± SD | 77.37 ± 17.96 | 78.39 ± 17.32 | 74.83 ± 19.28 | t = 2.550 | 0.011 |
SPO2/FiO2, M (Q1, Q3) | 100.00 (98.00, 194.00) | 100.00 (99.00, 198.00) | 100.00 (96.00, 178.00) | Z = − 3.917 | < 0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2, M (Q1, Q3) | 278.00 (170.00, 395.00) | 310.00 (183.33, 418.00) | 220.00 (136.67, 322.00) | Z = − 6.493 | < 0.001 |
Bilirubin, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.50 (1.20, 6.20) | 2.10 (1.00, 5.00) | 4.00 (1.80, 10.30) | Z = 6.223 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.20 (0.90, 2.20) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.90) | 1.60 (1.00, 2.80) | Z = 5.606 | < 0.001 |
INR, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.70 (1.40, 2.20) | 1.60 (1.30, 2.00) | 2.10 (1.70, 2.60) | Z = 10.699 | < 0.001 |
PT, M (Q1, Q3) | 17.60 (14.90, 21.40) | 16.80 (14.60, 20.10) | 19.70 (16.30, 24.20) | Z = 6.917 | < 0.001 |
Albumin, Mean ± SD | 2.86 ± 0.66 | 2.93 ± 0.66 | 2.67 ± 0.61 | t = 5.540 | < 0.001 |
Glucose, M (Q1, Q3) | 118.00 (97.00, 155.00) | 120.00 (99.00, 158.50) | 116.00 (92.00, 146.00) | Z = − 1.858 | 0.063 |
PH, Mean ± SD | 7.36 ± 0.11 | 7.37 ± 0.10 | 7.33 ± 0.14 | t = 4.790 | < 0.001 |
Sodium, mmol/L, Mean ± SD | 135.62 ± 6.78 | 136.04 ± 6.31 | 134.58 ± 7.75 | t = 2.670 | 0.008 |
Potassium, mmol/L, Mean ± SD | 4.39 ± 0.97 | 4.36 ± 0.94 | 4.47 ± 1.03 | t = − 1.510 | 0.131 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, Mean ± SD | 10.84 ± 2.39 | 10.93 ± 2.41 | 10.64 ± 2.32 | t = 1.650 | 0.099 |
WBC, 109/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 8.90 (5.70, 13.60) | 8.40 (5.40, 12.55) | 10.30 (6.30, 14.90) | Z = 3.168 | 0.002 |
Chloride, Mean ± SD | 102.17 ± 7.74 | 102.68 ± 7.31 | 100.92 ± 8.60 | t = 2.850 | 0.005 |
PLT, 109/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 114.00 (72.00, 176.00) | 121.00 (76.00, 179.00) | 105.00 (66.00, 170.00) | Z = − 2.628 | 0.009 |
Lactate last, mmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.90 (1.40, 3.00) | 1.70 (1.30, 2.30) | 3.20 (1.90, 6.40) | Z = 12.117 | < 0.001 |
Lactate first, mmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.40 (1.60, 4.00) | 2.10 (1.40, 3.40) | 3.30 (2.20, 5.90) | Z = 8.680 | < 0.001 |
ΔLA, %, M (Q1, Q3) | 16.00 (− 22.00, 45.00) | 18.00 (− 14.00, 48.00) | 2.00 (− 53.00, 39.00) | Z = − 4.095 | < 0.001 |
ICU stay time, days, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.82 (2.01, 8.58) | 3.60 (2.01, 7.44) | 4.72 (2.00, 11.49) | Z = 2.402 | 0.016 |
SOFA | 9.00 (7.00,12.00) | 8.00 (6.00,10.00) | 12.00 (9.00,15.00) | Z = 11.758 | < 0.001 |
CLIF-SOFA | 8.00 (6.00,11.00) | 7.00 (5.00,10.00) | 11.00 (8.00,13.00) | Z = 11.402 | < 0.001 |
MELD | 18.72 (11.32,27.23) | 16.34 (10.10,24.74) | 24.89 (17.01,31.89) | Z = 8.445 | < 0.001 |
Child–Pugh | 9.17 ± 2.44 | 8.84 ± 2.49 | 9.98 ± 2.10 | t = − 6.94 | < 0.001 |
CLIF-C ACLF | 48.80 ± 8.80 | 47.29 ± 7.98 | 51.28 ± 9.52 | T = − 5.10 | < 0.001 |
CLIF-C AD | 36.66 ± 1.25 | 31.54 ± 1.18 | 32.43 ± 1.48 | T = − 3.71 | < 0.001 |
MELD-Na | 25.08 (16.04,33.81) | 22.03 (14.31,31.29) | 32.64 (24.04,38.65) | Z = 9.804 | < 0.001 |