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Table 3 Risk of COVID-19 Hospitalization Overall and by Subgroups in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease (n = 42,320) and Matched Population Controls (n = 182,147) from February 1 to July 31, 2020

From: Risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality in patients with established chronic liver disease: a nationwide matched cohort study

Group

N (%)

N events (%)

Incidence rate (95% CI) per 1000 PY

HR* (95% CI)

Adjusted HR** (95% CI)

Liver disease

Comparators

Liver disease

Comparators

Liver disease

Comparators

Overall

42 320 (100%)

182 147 (100%)

161 (0.38%)

435 (0.24%)

7.7 (6.5–8.9)

4.8 (4.4–5.3)

1.49 (1.24–1.79)

1.36 (1.11–1.66)

Follow-up, months

        

 0 to  < 1

42 320 (100%)

182 147 (100%)

– (0.00%)

1 (0.00%)

–

0.1 (0.0–0.2)

–

–

 1 to  < 2

42 218 (99.8%)

181 946 (99.9%)

27 (0.06%)

56 (0.03%)

7.7 (4.8–10.6)

3.7 (2.7–4.7)

1.91 (1.20–3.04)

1.42 (0.83–2.43)

 2 to  < 3

42 060 (99.4%)

181 707 (99.8%)

69 (0.16%)

173 (0.10%)

19.7 (15.1–24.4)

11.4 (9.7–13.1)

1.58 (1.19–2.10)

1.61 (1.17–2.22)

 3 to  < 4

41 880 (99.0%)

181 334 (99.6%)

49 (0.12%)

122 (0.07%)

14.1 (10.1–18.0)

8.1 (6.6–9.5)

1.60 (1.15–2.25)

1.56 (1.07–2.26)

 4 to  < 5

41 744 (98.6%)

181 046 (99.4%)

13 (0.03%)

79 (0.04%)

3.7 (1.7–5.8)

5.2 (4.1–6.4)

0.71 (0.39–1.28)

0.45 (0.22–0.92)

 5 to  < 6

41 635 (98.4%)

180 807 (99.3%)

3 (0.01%)

4 (0.00%)

0.9 (0.0–1.9)

0.3 (0.0–0.6)

2.78 (0.60–12.78)

–

Sex

        

 Females

21 591 (51.0%)

93 906 (51.6%)

60 (0.28%)

195 (0.21%)

5.7 (4.2–7.1)

4.2 (3.6–4.8)

1.24 (0.92–1.65)

1.03 (0.74–1.43)Ψ

 Males

20 729 (49.0%)

88 241 (48.4%)

101 (0.49%)

240 (0.27%)

9.9 (8.0–11.9)

5.5 (4.8–6.2)

1.69 (1.34–2.14)

1.64 (1.26–2.15)

Age at index date

        

 < 18 years

2 769 (6.5%)

12 877 (7.1%)

2 (0.07%)

5 (0.04%)

1.5 (0.0–3.5)

0.8 (0.1–1.5)

1.93 (0.37–9.98)

2.43 (0.35–16.95)Ψ

 18 to < 40 years

13 574 (32.1%)

61 290 (33.6%)

38 (0.28%)

90 (0.15%)

5.7 (3.9–7.5)

3.0 (2.4–3.6)

1.86 (1.27–2.73)

1.80 (1.18–2.77)

 40 to < 60 years

18 446 (43.6%)

79 416 (43.6%)

85 (0.46%)

206 (0.26%)

9.4 (7.4–11.4)

5.3 (4.5–6.0)

1.72 (1.33–2.23)

1.64 (1.24–2.18)

 ≥ 60 years

7 531 (17.8%)

28 564 (15.7%)

36 (0.48%)

134 (0.47%)

9.9 (6.6–13.1)

9.6 (8.0–11.2)

0.91 (0.62–1.32)

0.69 (0.45–1.07)

Index year

        

 1969–1989

2 966 (7.0%)

11 276 (6.2%)

8 (0.27%)

20 (0.18%)

5.5 (1.7–9.3)

3.6 (2.0–5.2)

1.45 (0.63–3.32)

0.98 (0.36–2.69)

 1990–1999

11 722 (27.7%)

47 935 (26.3%)

50 (0.43%)

137 (0.29%)

8.7 (6.3–11.1)

5.8 (4.8–6.8)

1.38 (1.00–1.92)

1.44 (1.02–2.04)

 2000–2009

15 979 (37.8%)

69 263 (38.0%)

56 (0.35%)

165 (0.24%)

7.1 (5.3–9.0)

4.8 (4.1–5.6)

1.35 (0.99–1.84)

1.07 (0.75–1.53)

 2010–2017

11 653 (27.5%)

53 673 (29.5%)

47 (0.40%)

113 (0.21%)

8.2 (5.9–10.6)

4.3 (3.5–5.0)

1.84 (1.31–2.60)

1.63 (1.08–2.45)

Age at start of follow-up

        

 < 18 years

508 (1.2%)

2 479 (1.4%)

– (0.00%)

– (0.00%)

–

–

–

–

 18 to < 40 years

4 105 (9.7%)

19 274 (10.6%)

7 (0.17%)

7 (0.04%)

3.4 (0.9–6.0)

0.7 (0.2–1.3)

4.67 (1.63–13.36)

11.45 (2.17–60.51)Ψ

 40 to < 60 years

13 567 (32.1%)

62 844 (34.5%)

48 (0.35%)

95 (0.15%)

7.2 (5.1–9.2)

3.1 (2.4–3.7)

2.44 (1.72–3.45)

2.02 (1.34–3.05)

 ≥ 60 years

24 140 (57.0%)

97 550 (53.6%)

106 (0.44%)

333 (0.34%)

9.0 (7.3–10.7)

6.9 (6.2–7.7)

1.21 (0.97–1.51)

1.12 (0.88–1.43)

Country of birth

        

 Nordic

36 036 (85.2%)

162 473 (89.2%)

115 (0.32%)

304 (0.19%)

6.5 (5.3–7.7)

3.8 (3.4–4.2)

1.46 (1.17–1.82)

1.36 (1.07–1.72)

 Other

6 284 (14.8%)

19 670 (10.8%)

46 (0.73%)

131 (0.67%)

14.9 (10.6–19.2)

13.5 (11.2–15.8)

1.87 (1.00–3.49)

1.73 (0.83–3.60)

Level of education

        

 ≤ 9 years

9 467 (22.4%)

33 283 (18.3%)

50 (0.53%)

119 (0.36%)

10.8 (7.8–13.8)

7.3 (6.0–8.6)

1.73 (1.05–2.87)

1.45 (0.83–2.53)

 10–12 years

20 139 (47.6%)

83 677 (45.9%)

76 (0.38%)

196 (0.23%)

7.7 (6.0–9.4)

4.7 (4.1–5.4)

1.44 (1.05–1.99)

1.74 (1.20–2.51)

 > 12 years

12 567 (29.7%)

64 460 (35.4%)

34 (0.27%)

113 (0.18%)

5.5 (3.6–7.3)

3.5 (2.9–4.2)

1.06 (0.63–1.80)

1.05 (0.58–1.92)

  1. N, number; CI, confidence interval; PY, person-years; HR, hazard ratio
  2. *Conditioned on matching set (age, sex, county, and calendar period)
  3. **Conditioned on matching set and further adjusted for education, Nordic country of birth, and medical comorbidities at index date (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, alcohol use disorder, obesity/dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer, psychiatric disease)
  4. ΨP-interaction values for sex, age at the index date and age at the start of follow-up = 0.06, < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively
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BMC Gastroenterology

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