Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with sleep disorders: a Nationwide study of Taiwan

BMC Gastroenterology

Table 2 Hazard ratios of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with sleep disorders and covariates

Characteristics	N	Event	Person-year	Incidence Rate (/10,000 person-year)	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Characteristics	N	Event	Person-year	Incidence Rate (/10,000 person-year)	Univariate	p-value	Multivariate^a	p-value
Sleep disorders
No	33,045	206	333,121	6.2	Reference		Reference
Yes	33,045	441	314,627	14.0	2.26 (1.92–2.67)	< 0.001	1.78 (1.46–2.16)	< 0.001
Sex
Women	33,939	325	337,279	9.6	Reference		Reference
Men	32,151	322	310,470	10.4	1.08 (0.92–1.26)	0.35	1.31 (1.12–1.54)	< 0.001
Age (year)
20–39	25,278	166	260,647	6.4	Reference		Reference
40–59	24,088	337	245,204	13.7	2.16 (1.79–2.60)	< 0.001	1.49 (1.21–1.82)	< 0.001
≥ 60	16,724	144	141,898	10.2	1.59 (1.27–1.99)	< 0.001	0.86 (0.66–1.13)	0.28
Comorbidities
Diabetes
No	59,745	556	592,827	9.4	Reference		Reference
Yes	6345	91	54,922	16.6	1.77 (1.41–2.20)	< 0.001	1.04 (0.82–1.33)	0.73
Dyslipidemia
No	55,165	411	544,066	7.6	Reference		Reference
Yes	10,925	236	103,683	22.8	3.01 (2.56–3.53)	< 0.001	2.51 (2.08–3.04)	< 0.001
Hypertension
No	47,383	407	479,123	8.5	Reference		Reference
Yes	18,707	240	168,625	14.2	1.68 (1.43–1.97)	< 0.001	1.02 (0.84–1.25)	0.83
Ischemic Heart Disease
No	56,255	529	560,892	9.4	Reference		Reference
Yes	9835	118	86,856	13.6	1.44 (1.18–1.76)	< 0.001	0.86 (0.68–1.08)	0.19
Depression
No	61,761	574	606,799	9.5	Reference		Reference
Yes	4329	73	40,950	17.8	1.88 (1.47–2.40)	< 0.001	1.23 (0.94–1.62)	0.14
Anxiety
No	52,100	437	514,026	8.5	Reference		Reference
Yes	13,990	210	133,722	15.7	1.84 (1.56–2.17)	< 0.001	1.16 (0.95–1.42)	0.15

^aAdjusted for sex, age (categorical), diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, depression, anxiety, and ischemic heart disease in Cox proportional hazards regressions

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