Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study subjects classified by CE results and specific treatments
Characteristics | Overall | Positive CE | Negative CE (N = 77) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without treatment (N = 21) | With treatment (N = 35) | ||||
Male | 64 (48.1) | 11 (52.4) | 14 (40.0) | 39 (50.6) | 0.529 |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 65.4 (13.8) | 66.8 (17) | 68.5 (15.5) | 63.9 (13.3) | 0.388 |
Co-morbidity and underlying diseases | |||||
History of previous overt GI bleeding | 58 (43.6) | 12 (57.1) | 17 (48.6) | 29 (37.7) | 0.221 |
Ischemic heart disease | 35 (26.3) | 7 (33.3) | 10 (28.6) | 18 (23.4) | 0.616 |
Aortic stenosis | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.6) | 3 (3.9) | 0.425 |
Hypertension | 65 (48.9) | 11 (52.4) | 19 (54.3) | 35 (45.5) | 0.646 |
Diabetes mellitus | 38 (28.6) | 4 (19.0) | 11 (31.4) | 23 (29.9) | 0.566 |
Cirrhosis | 18 (13.5) | 5 (23.8) | 4 (11.4) | 9 (11.7) | 0.331 |
Chronic hepatitis (HBV, HCV) | 8 (6) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (5.7) | 5 (6.5) | 1.000 |
Chronic kidney disease | 26 (19.5) | 1 (4.8) | 11 (31.4) | 14 (18.2) | 0.056 |
Thrombocytopenia | 8 (6.0) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (2.9) | 5 (6.5) | 0.604 |
Mode of bleeding (Overt) | 81 (60.9) | 15 (71.4) | 26 (74.3) | 40 (51.9) | 0.045 |
Melena | 41 (30.8) | 8 (38.1) | 14 (40.0) | 19 (24.7) | 0.195 |
Hematochezia | 40 (30.1) | 7 (33.3) | 12 (34.3) | 21 (27.3) | 0.709 |
Mode of bleeding (Occult) | 52 (39.1) | 6 (28.6) | 9 (25.7) | 37 (48.1) | 0.045 |
Hemodynamic instability | 16 (12.0) | 5 (23.8) | 3 (8.6) | 8 (10.4) | 0.232 |
Medications used | |||||
Aspirin | 17 (12.8) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (8.6) | 11 (14.3) | 0.761 |
Dual antiplatelet therapy | 14 (10.5) | 1 (4.8) | 5 (14.3) | 8 (10.4) | 0.577 |
NSAIDs | 15 (11.3) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (8.6) | 10 (13.0) | 0.927 |
Anticoagulants | 7 (5.3) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (8.6) | 2 (2.6) | 0.207 |
Lowest Hb level at initial bleeding (g/dL), mean (SD) | 7.3 (2.0) | 7.2 (2.3) | 6.5 (1.7) | 7.7 (1.9) | 0.018 |
Drop in Hb level, mean (SD) | 3.7 (1.8) | 4 (1.7) | 4 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.8) | 0.214 |
Blood transfusion ≥3 units | 57 (42.9) | 8 (38.1) | 24 (68.6) | 25 (32.5) | 0.001 |
Time to CE after bleeding in day, median (IQR) | 11.0 (6–30) | 9.0 (6–16) | 9.0 (3.5–17.5) | 16.0 (6–48) | 0.025 |
Complete small bowel visualization | 122 (91.7) | 21 (100) | 33 (94.3) | 68 (88.3) | 0.247 |
Follow up duration in month, median (IQR) | 26.0 (14.1–48.7) | 34.5 (21.5–44.6) | 24.3 (13.3–46.1) | 26.0 (14.1–48.7) | 0.580 |