Table 2 Several significant differences in the clinical presentation existed between enrolled subjects with Gilbert syndrome and health controls
Parameters | Group A Patients with Gilbert syndrome (n = 83) | Group B Patients with GS and eradicated HCV (n = 18) | Controls (n = 100) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaundice episodes: number (percent) | 83 (100) | 18 (100) | 0 | Group A vs B: 1.000 |
Frequency of jaundice episodes per year. N (%) | ||||
▪ 1–5 | 57 (68.674) | 10 (55.56) | 0 | Group A vs B: 1.0000 |
• 6–10 | 20 (24.096) | 5 (27.76) | 0 | Group A vs B: 1.0000 |
• > 10 | 6 (7.229) | 3 (16.67) | 0 | Group A vs B: 0.7111 |
Mean duration of individual jaundice episode (mean ± SD) days | 19.832 ± 14. | 21.1832 ± 15.68 | 0 | Group A vs B: 0.7219 |
Other symptoms/signs during hyperbilribunemia attacks in GS subjects and control subjects; n (%) | ||||
Fatigue: number (%) | 36 (43.37) | 4 (22.22) | 2(2) | Group A vs. B: 0.1163 Group A vs controls: < 0.0001** Group B vs controls: < 0.0001** |
Abdominal pain: number (%) | 21 (25.3) | 8 (44.44) | 3 (3) | Group A vs. B: 0.1490 Group A vs controls: < 0.0001** Group B vs controls: < 0.0001** |
Dyspepsia: number (%) | 19 (22.89) | 7 (38.89) | 2 (2) | Group A vs. B: 0.2321 Group A vs controls: < 0.0001** Group B vs controls: < 0.0001** |
Bloating; number (%) | 17 (20.48) | 9 (50) | 10(10) | Group A vs. B: 0.0159* Group A ys. Controls: 0.0595* Group B vs. controls: 0.002* |
Loss of appetite: number (%) | 10 (12.048) | 2 (11.111) | 13 (13) | Group A vs. B:0.6125 Group A ys. Controls: 1.0000 Group B vs. controls: 1.0000 |
Comorbid conditions | ||||
• Diabetes mellitus (Type 1) | 4 (4.82) | 0 | 0 | Group A vs B: 1.0000 |
• Diabetes mellitus (Type 2) | 2 (2.41) | (11.11) | 0 | Group A vs B: 0.1449 |
• Hypertension | 1 (1.2) | 2 (11.11) | 0 | Group A vs B: 0.0811 |
• Rheumatoid arthritis | 2 (2.41) | 0 | 0 | Group A vs B: 1.0000 |
• Rheumatic heart valve disease | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | Group A vs B: 1.0000 |
Food intolerances and allergies: Celiac/lactose intolerance/food allergies | 9 (10.84) | 1 (5.56) | 3 (3) | Group A vs B: 0.6859 Group A vs. controls: 0.0391* Group B vs. controls: 0.4890 |
Factors associated with attacks of clinical jaundice n (%) | ||||
Prolonged fasting > 12 h/Ramadan fasting | 60 (72.289) | 14 (77.78) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.7736 |
Heavy physical exercise | 25 (30.120) | 4 (22.22) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.5788 |
Menstrual abnormalities in women | 7 (8.43) | 3 (16.67) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.3779 |
Pregnancy (in 8 women) | 8/8 (100) | 0 | 10 (10) | |
Cesarean delivery | 4 (4.82) | 0 | 0 | Group A vs. B: 1.0000 |
Systemic infections | 21 (25.301) | 9 (50) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.0486* |
Surgery | 27 (32.530) | 2 (11.11) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.0873 |
Diets reported as potentially related to jaundice episodes; n (%) | ||||
Drugs (N;%) | ||||
-Paracetamol | 2 (2.4) | 1 (22.22) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.6186 |
-Antibiotics(amoxicillin/clavulanate; ofloxacin) | 7 (8.434) | 2 (11.11) | Group A vs. B: 0.0500* | |
-Direct acting anti-viral agents | 0 | 7 (38.889) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.6600 |
-Diclofenac | 3 (3.6) | 1 (16.67) | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.1493 |
-Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.3261 |
-Anti-hypertensive drugs | 0 | 0 | 0 | Group A vs. B: 0.1782 |
Diets reported as potentially related to jaundice episodes; n (%) | ||||
High animal proteins rich/ Fat rich diets | 4 (4.82) | 0 | 0 | |