Table 1 Distribution of subjects according to sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of constipation in each category
Variable | Distribution of subjects | Prevalence of constipation in each category (%) | Crude OR (CI 95%) | p value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls N = 1468, n(%) | Children with constipation N = 328, n(%) | |||||||
Age | 10–12 y.o | 186 (12.7) | 31 (9.5) | 14.3 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
13–15 y.o | 1268 (86.4) | 292 (89.0) | 18.7 | 1.382 (0.925–2.063) | 0.114 | 1.466 (0.944–2.276) | 0.089 | |
16–17 y.o | 14 (1) | 5 (1.5) | 26.3 | 2.143 (0.721–6.371) | 0.17 | 2.229 (0.727–6.834) | 0.161 | |
p = 0.188 | ||||||||
Sex | Male | 617 (42) | 115 (35.1) | 15.7 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
Female | 851 (58) | 213 (64.9) | 20 | 1.343 (1.047–1.723) | 0.02 | 1.319 (1.018–1.709) | 0.036 | |
p = 0.02 | ||||||||
Family size | Only child | 116 (7.9) | 18 (5.5) | 13.4 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
2–3 children | 1083 (73.8) | 235 (71.6) | 17.8 | 1.398 (0.835–2.343) | 0.203 | 4.736 × 10^8 (0) | 1 | |
≥4 children | 269 (18.3) | 75 (22.9) | 21.8 | 1.797 (1.028–3.141) | 0.04 | 6.282 × 10^8 (0) | 1 | |
p = 0.076 | ||||||||
Birth ordera | Eldest | 509 (37.6) | 122 (39.4) | 19.3 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
Youngest | 490 (36.2) | 104 (33.5) | 17.5 | 0.886 (0.663–1.183) | 0.41 | 0.854 (0.634–1.151) | 0.3 | |
Other | 354 (26.2) | 84 (27.1) | 19.2 | 0.990 (0.727–1.349) | 0.949 | 0.867 (0.613–1.226) | 0.419 | |
p = 0.675 | ||||||||
Motherb | Housewife | 1058 (72.3) | 246 (75.0) | 18.9 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
Employed | 405 (27.7) | 82 (25.0) | 16.8 | 0.871 (0.661–1.146) | 0.324 | 1.880 (0.853–4.145) | 0.117 | |
p = 0.324 | ||||||||
Father’s employment | Leading profession (eg. Doctor, engineer) | 16 (1.1) | 4 (1.2) | 20 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
Lesser profession (eg. Nurse, teacher) | 451 (30.7) | 100 (30.5) | 18.1 | 0.887 (0.290–2.710) | 0.833 | 0.790 (0.252–2.477) | 0.686 | |
Skilled non-manual (eg. Clerk) | 653 (44.5) | 132 (40.2) | 16.8 | 0.809 (0.266–2.457) | 0.708 | 0.767 (0.247–2.382 | 0.646 | |
Skilled manual | 207 (14.1) | 56 (17.1) | 21.3 | 1.082 (0.348–3.366) | 0.892 | 0.901 (0.282–2.880) | 0.861 | |
Unskilled/unemployed | 141 (9.6) | 36 (11) | 20.3 | 1.021 (0.322–3.242) | 0.972 | 0.886 (0.267–2.939) | 0.843 | |
p = 0.513 | ||||||||
Maternal employment | Leading profession (eg. Doctor, engineer) | 12 (0.8) | 3 (0.9) | 20 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
Lesser profession (eg. Nurse, teacher) | 168 (11.4) | 36 (11) | 17.6 | 0.857 (0.230–3.194) | 0.818 | 0.682 (0.176–2.635) | 0.578 | |
Skilled non-manual (eg. Clerk) | 179 (12.2) | 28 (8.5) | 13.5 | 0.626 (0.166–2.357) | 0.488 | 0.539 (0.137–2.125) | 0.377 | |
Skilled manual | 16 (1.1) | 2 (0.6) | 11.1 | 0.500 (0.072–3.477) | 0.484 | 0.32 (0.044–2.354) | 0.263 | |
Unskilled/unemployed | 1093 (74.5) | 259 (79.0) | 19.2 | 0.948 (0.266–3.383) | 0.934 | 1.332 (0.293–6.059) | 0.711 | |
p = 0.339 | ||||||||
Location of school | South Jakarta | 370 (25.2) | 67 (20.4) | 15.3 | 1.00 (ref) | – | 1.00 (ref.) | – |
North Jakarta | 162 (11) | 58 (17.7) | 26.4 | 1.977 (1.329–2.941) | 0.001 | 1.832 (1.199–2.799) | 0.005 | |
Central Jakarta | 264 (18.0) | 73 (22.3) | 21.7 | 1.527 (1.058–2.205) | 0.024 | 1.469 (0.989–2.181) | 0.057 | |
East Jakarta | 349 (23.8) | 70 (21.3) | 16.7 | 1.108 (0.769–1.596) | 0.584 | 0.959 (0.650–1.413) | 0.831 | |
West Jakarta | 323 (22) | 60 (18.3) | 15.7 | 1.026 (0.702–1.499) | 0.895 | 0.984 (0.662–1.465) | 0.938 | |
p = 0.002 | ||||||||