Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical parameters of the study subjects

Age (years)

33.4 ± 12.9

39.1 ± 12.1

34.2 ± 10.4

34.2 ± 13.1

NS

BMI (kg/m²)

38.1 ± 8.5

37.7 ± 5.02

40.4 ± 7.3

39.4 ± 5.9

NS

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.9 (4.6–5.3)

5.5 (4.8–7.3)

5.5 (5.2–6.5)

6.6 (5.7–8.8)

<  0.05^#, ^∆, ^&, ^╪

Insulin (μIU/mL)

15.3 (12.9–23.1)

19.6 (12.9–31.4)

26.5 (19.6–41.5)

33.4 (20.0–50.8)

< 0.05^#, ^∆, ^§, ^&

HOMA-IR

3.6 (3.1–4.4)

4.9 (3.9–8.2)

7.3 (5.2–10.6)

11.5 (5.8–16.9)

< 0.05*, ^#, ^∆, ^§, ^&

C reactive protein (mg/L)

4.95 (2.75–6.85)

5.9 (4.1–7.4)

6.7 (5.5–11.3)

6.8 (5.1–10.3)

NS

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.59 (0.96–2.45)

1.43 (1.18–2.04)

1.90 (1.23–2.34)

1.95 (1.52–6.29)

NS

Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.7 ± 0.9

4.8 ± 0.9

4.8 ± 0.6

5.4 ± 1.0

NS

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.05 (0.96–1.50)

1.12 (0.99–1.27)

1.01 (0.83–1.10)

0.92 (0.75–1.02)

NS

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.09 (1.83–3.36)

2.94 (2.15–3.12)

2.71 (2.16–3.35)

2.53 (2.29–3.51)

NS

ALT (IU/mL)

19.4 (14.0–28.6)

25.2 (21.0–37.5)

35.8 (27.3–60.2)

76.5 (50.3–128.8)

< 0.05^#, ^∆, ^&, ^╪

AST (IU/mL)

19.5 (15.0–25.4)

20.2 (14.7–25.9)

24.1 (18.5–35.2)

50.5 (29.2–90.7)

< 0.05^∆, ^§, ^&, ^╪

GGT (IU/mL)

35.4 (21.6–53.3)

39.5 (20.2–66.5)

43.5 (26.5–64.0)

55.8 (37.5–90.5)

NS