From: Evaluation of risk factors for perforated peptic ulcer
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stepwise | Forced-entry | |||
Social History | Logistic | Conditional | Logistic | Conditional |
Smoking | 1.02 | 1.39 | ||
(0.45–2.31) | (0.42–4.64) | |||
Alcohol | 0.68 | 0.56 | ||
(0.31–1.50) | (0.19–1.62) | |||
Past Medical History | ||||
PUD | 7.81 | 21.9 | 3.67 | 6.40 |
(1.98–30.8) | (3.92–122.5) | (1.47–9.18) | (1.13–36.2) | |
GERD | 256.7 | |||
(12.5–5274.1) | ||||
Medications | ||||
NSAID daily use | 28.5 | 4.71 | 5.40 | |
(3.00–270.3) | (1.29–17.2) | (0.55–53.5) | ||
NSAID rescue use | 0.05 | |||
(0.004–0.57) | ||||
Antiplatelet | 5.90 | 2.37 | 3.20 | |
(2.59–13.4) | (1.29–4.34) | (0.75–13.6) | ||
Anticoagulant | 1.04 | 0.85 | ||
(0.13–8.41) | (0.03–22.3) | |||
PPI* | 0.50 | 2.03 | ||
(0.13–1.86) | (0.24–16.9) | |||
Physical Findings | ||||
Location of pain No pain Reference | ||||
Upper abdomen | 4.40 | 1.90 | 2.61 | |
(1.10–17.7) | (0.71–5.12) | (0.59–11.5) | ||
Mid abdomen | 2.20 | 1.23 | 2.47 | |
(0.28–16.6) | (0.28–5.45) | (0.13–46.6) | ||
Lower abdomen | 1.62 | 0.83 | 2.18 | |
(0.27–9.81) | (0.21–3.23) | (0.33–14.4) | ||
Multiple abdomen | 287.7 | 39.4 | 51.8 | |
(22.9–3619.8) | (8.79–176.3) | (3.57–752.9) | ||
Muscular defense | 366.2 | 76.6 | 28.4 | 23.8 |
(61.9–2166.2) | (13.7–429.6) | (11.6–69.6) | (5.70–100.0) | |
Back pain | 24.4 | 100.7 | ||
(3.30–180.6) | (7.05–1438.0) | |||
Chest pain | 0.002 | |||
(0.00–0.12) | ||||
Loss of appetite | 3.63 | 3.43 | ||
(1.40–9.46) | (0.75–15.7) | |||
Hematemesis | 141.2 | |||
(7.02–2838.0) | ||||
Diarrhea | 0.19 | |||
(0.04–0.89) | ||||
H. Pylori infection | 1522.0 | |||
(14.4–160,502.9) | ||||
Vomiting | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.42 | |
(0.01–0.16) | (0.18–0.88) | (0.12–1.44) | ||
Nausea | 9.69 | |||
(2.27–41.4) | ||||
Laboratory Data | ||||
C-Reactive Protein | 1.13 | 1.04 | 1.02 | |
(1.05–1.22) | (1.00–1.10) | (0.95–1.11) | ||
Platelet counts | 1.00 | 1.01 | ||
(1.01–1.01) | (1.00–1.01) | |||
Hemoglobin | 0.75 | 0.78 | ||
(0.65–0.87) | (0.66–0.92) | |||
Total bilirubin | 0.32 | |||
(0.16–0.68) | ||||
AST | 0.97 | |||
(0.95–1.00) | ||||
Creatinine | 1.67 | |||
(1.10–2.53) |