Associations of coffee consumption with markers of liver injury in the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study

BMC Gastroenterology

Table 2 Multiple linear regression analysis of the associations of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption with markers of liver injury

Outcome per unit increase in coffee	ALT^ab		AST^ab		Fetuin-A^ac		NAFLD liver fat score^ad
	β (95 % CI)	p value	β (95 % CI)	p value	β (95 % CI)	p value	β (95 % CI)	p value
Caffeinated coffee
Model 1	−0.07 (−0.13, −0.01)	0.0298	−0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)	0.0200	0.03 (−0.02, 0.09)	0.26	−0.07 (−0.12, −0.01)	0.0122
Model 2	−0.08 (−0.15, −0.02)	0.0100	−0.05 (−0.10, −0.01)	0.0148	0.05 (−0.02, 0.11)	0.14	−0.06 (−0.10, −0.01)	0.0218
Model 3	−0.08 (−0.15, −0.02)	0.0111	−0.05 (−0.10, −0.01)	0.0155	0.04 (−0.12, 0.11)	0.17	−0.05 (−0.10, −0.01)	0.0293
Decaffeinated coffee
Model 1	−0.02 (−0.14, 0.10)	0.80	−0.03 (−0.11, 0.05)	0.42	−0.09 (−0.20, 0.02)	0.12	0.02 (−0.07, −0.12)	0.66
Model 2	−0.01 (−0.13, 0.11)	0.86	−0.03 (−0.11, 0.05)	0.44	−0.10 (−0.21, 0.02)	0.09	0.04 (−0.05, 0.13)	0.36
Model 3	−0.02 (−0.14, 0.09)	0.69	−0.04 (−0.12, 0.04)	0.36	−0.08 (−0.19, 0.04)	0.19	0.03 (−0.06, 0.12)	0.47

Model 1: Age, sex, ethnicity
Model 2: Adjusted as in model 1 + energy intake, energy expenditure, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption
Model 3: Adjusted as in model 2 + whole grain consumption, vegetable intake, fruit intake, % energy from saturated fat, % energy from polyunsaturated fat, alternate coffee type, regular soft drinks, lemonade/sweetened mineral water
^aLog transformation;^bn = 1005 with slight variation across models;^cn = 650 with slight variation across models;^dn = 998 with slight variation across models

ISSN: 1471-230X