|
n (%)
|
214 (21.3)
|
195 (19.4)
|
377 (37.5)
|
170 (16.9)
|
49 (4.9)
|
-
|
|
Age (years)
|
54 (47–62)
|
54 (47–62)
|
55 (48–63)
|
54 (48–60)
|
54 (46–61)
|
0.45
|
|
Sex, n (%)
| | | | | |
0.07
|
|
Males
|
81 (37.9)
|
82 (42.1)
|
164 (43.5)
|
87 (51.2)
|
26 (53.1)
| |
|
Females
|
133 (62.2)
|
113 (57.9)
|
213 (56.5)
|
83 (48.8)
|
23 (46.9)
| |
|
Ethnicity, n (%)
| | | | | |
<0.0001
|
|
Non-Hispanic white
|
99 (46.3)
|
61 (31.3)
|
136 (36.1)
|
83 (48.8)
|
28 (57.1)
| |
|
Hispanic
|
48 (22.4)
|
45 (23.1)
|
169 (44.8)
|
65 (38.2)
|
17 (34.7)
| |
|
African American
|
67 (31.3)
|
89 (45.6)
|
72 (19.1)
|
22 (12.9)
|
4 (8.2)
| |
|
Glucose tolerance status, n (%)
| | | | | |
0.0215
|
|
Normal glucose tolerance
|
141 (65.9)
|
121 (62.1)
|
264 (70.0)
|
113 (66.5)
|
42 (85.7)
| |
|
Impaired glucose tolerance
|
73 (34.1)
|
74 (37.9)
|
113 (30.0)
|
57 (33.5)
|
7 (14.3)
| |
|
Highest education level completed, n (%)
| | | | | |
0.0003
|
|
≤ Elementary
|
6 (2.8)
|
16 (8.2)
|
36 (9.6)
|
14 (8.2)
|
4 (8.2)
| |
|
≤ High school
|
61 (28.5)
|
48 (24.6)
|
151 (40.1)
|
45 (26.5)
|
16 (32.7)
| |
|
≤ College
|
114 (53.3)
|
92 (47.2)
|
137 (36.3)
|
76 (44.7)
|
22 (44.9)
| |
|
≤ Graduate school
|
33 (15.4)
|
39 (20.0)
|
53 (14.1)
|
35 (20.6)
|
7 (14.3)
| |
|
Smoking status, n (%)
| | | | | |
<0.0001
|
|
Never
|
130 (60.8)
|
91 (46.7)
|
169 (44.8)
|
56 (32.9)
|
7 (14.3)
| |
|
Past
|
62 (29.0)
|
75 (38.5)
|
138 (36.6)
|
87 (51.2)
|
21 (42.9)
| |
|
Current
|
22 (10.3)
|
29 (14.9)
|
70 (18.6)
|
27 (15.9)
|
21 (42.9)
| |
|
Alcohol intake category, n (%)
| | | | | |
<0.0001
|
|
Never drank
|
43 (20.1)
|
13 (6.7)
|
43 (11.4)
|
5 (3.0)
|
2 (4.1)
| |
|
Ex-drinker
|
47 (22.0)
|
23 (11.8)
|
46 (12.2)
|
24 (14.2)
|
6 (12.2)
| |
|
Very little
|
38 (17.8)
|
35 (18.0)
|
63 (16.8)
|
24 (14.2)
|
10 (20.4)
| |
|
<0.5 drinks/day
|
45 (21.0)
|
70 (35.9)
|
120 (31.9)
|
54 (32.0)
|
15 (30.6)
| |
|
0.5 to <1 drinks/day
|
15 (7.0)
|
23 (11.8)
|
39 (10.4)
|
20 (11.8)
|
4 (8.2)
| |
|
1 to <3 drinks/day
|
20 (9.4)
|
27 (13.9)
|
51 (13.6)
|
32 (18.9)
|
9 (18.4)
| |
|
≥3 drinks/day
|
6 (2.8)
|
4 (2.1)
|
14 (3.7)
|
10 (5.9)
|
3 (6.1)
| |
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
27.3 (25.0–30.5)
|
27.2 (24.6–31.2)
|
27.5 (24.8–30.6)
|
27.4 (25.0–30.2)
|
26.5 (23.6–30.6)
|
0.49
|
|
Waist circumference (cm)
|
88.8 (80.0–97.3)
|
89.8 (81.8–97.0)
|
90.1 (81.5–98.7)
|
90.9 (81.7–99.1)
|
89.7 (79.3–97.8)
|
0.62
|
|
Insulin sensitivity (x 10−4 min−1[μU’ml]−1)
|
1.5 (0.8–2.8)
|
1.6 (0.9–2.9)
|
1.6 (0.9–3.0)
|
1.8 (0.9–2.9)
|
2.5 (1.1–3.8)
|
0.13
|
|
Family history of diabetes, n (%)
|
76 (35.5)
|
76 (39.0)
|
156 (41.4)
|
72 (42.4)
|
13 (26.5)
|
0.20
|
|
Dietary variables
|
|
Total energy intake (kcal/day)
|
1736 (1321–2301)
|
1596 (1157–2110)
|
1945 (1366–2337)
|
1852 (1450–2471)
|
1902 (1334–2589)
|
0.0004
|
|
Total energy expended (kcal kg−1 year −1)
|
13991 (12947–16047)
|
13815 (12869–15165)
|
14189 (12929–16059)
|
14124 (13085–15803)
|
14256 (12752–15441)
|
0.28
|
|
Whole grain consumption (servings/day)
|
0.7 (0.2–1.2)
|
0.6 (0.3–1.1)
|
0.6 (0.2–1.1)
|
0.7 (0.3–1.2)
|
0.5 (0.1–1.0)
|
0.52
|
|
% Energy from saturated fat
|
11.9 (9.5–14.1)
|
11.6 (9.0–13.9)
|
12.5 (10.3-14.6)
|
12.7 (11.0–14.8)
|
12.7 (10.8–14.6)
|
0.0003
|
|
% Energy from polyunsaturated fat
|
6.6 (5.4–8.1)
|
6.4 (5.2–7.8)
|
6.4 (5.3–7.7)
|
6.2 (5.4–7.7)
|
6.3 (5.3–7.6)
|
0.63
|
|
Regular soda consumption (servings/day)
|
0.03 (0.0–0.5)
|
0.03 (0.0–0.1)
|
0.03 (0.0–0.1)
|
0.03 (0.0–0.1)
|
0.07 (0.0–0.3)
|
0.0313
|
|
Markers of liver injury
|
|
ALT (units/l)
|
17.0 (11.0–23.0)
|
16.0 (12.0–24.0)
|
16.0 (11.0–22.0)
|
17.0 (11.0–24.0)
|
15.0 (9.0–23.0)
|
0.40
|
|
AST (units/l)
|
21.0 (17.0–26.0)
|
21.0 (16.0–26.0)
|
21.0 (17.0–26.0)
|
21.0 (16.0-25.0)
|
19.0 (16.0–24.0)
|
0.56
|
|
Fetuin-A (μg/ml)b
|
938.9 (741.5–1256.7)
|
992.6 (828.4–1196.5)
|
974.3 (835.8–1165.7)
|
986.8 (839.6–1260.7)
|
1125.8 (903.9–1273.6)
|
0.52
|
|
NAFLD liver fat scorec
|
−0.9 (−2.0, 0.8)
|
−1.1 (−2.1, 0.4)
|
−1.1 (−2.2, 0.3)
|
−1.0 (−2.2, 0.5)
|
−1.8 (−2.7, −0.1)
|
0.23
|
