Table 4 Multiple logistic regression of established and potential risk factors for gallstone prevalence

Model including established risk factors only:

Age (per year)

1.06

1.04 - 1.08

< 0.001

Female gender

2.78

1.89 - 4.07

< 0.001

Positive family history

1.84

1.26 - 2.69

0.001

BMI (per kg/m²)

1.12

1.08 - 1.15

< 0.001

Separate models for each of the factors adjusted for the established risk factors:

Vitamin C supplementation (yes)

0.36

0.16 - 0.80

0.01

Vegetarian (yes)

1.19

0.41 - 3.50

0.75

Caffeine consumption (yes)

0.74

0.40 - 1.38

0.35

Alcohol consumption (yes)

0.64

0.43 - 0.94

0.02

Smoking (yes)

1.06

0.74 - 1.52

0.77

Diabetes mellitus (yes)

1.58

0.76 - 3.30

0.22

Waist circumference (per cm)

1.03

1.01 - 1.06

0.03

Waist-to-hip ratio (per unit)

21.36

1.41 - 322.54

0.02

Total cholesterol (per mmol/l)

0.67

0.55 - 0.81

< 0.001

Triglycerides (per mmol/l)

0.91

0.79 - 1.04

0.18

HDL cholesterol (per mmol/l)

0.63

0.39 - 1.03

0.06

LDL cholesterol (per mmol/l)

0.69

0.55 - 0.86

0.001*

Leisure time physical activity

(> 2 hours/week)

0.62

0.43 - 0.91

0.01