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Table 2 Univariate analysis of putative risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection in a case-control study of volunteer blood donors from two large blood banks, Karachi, Pakistan
| Variables | Cases | Controls | OR† | 95% CI‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 64 | % | n = 260 | % | |||
| Blood bank | ||||||
| Blood bank 1 | 38 | (59.4) | 118 | (45.4) | 1.0 | - |
| Blood bank II | 26 | (40.6) | 142 | (54.6) | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 |
| Age (completed years) | ||||||
| 15–25 | 23 | (35.9) | 139 | (53.5) | 1.0 | - |
| 26–35 | 29 | (45.3) | 86 | (33.1) | 2.0 | 1.1–3.8 |
| > 36 | 12 | (18.8) | 35 | (13.5) | 2.1 | 0.9–5.6 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Mohajir | 30 | (46.9) | 158 | (60.8) | 1.0 | - |
| Punjabi | 8 | (12.5) | 45 | (17.3) | 0.9 | 0.4–2.2 |
| Pathan | 11 | (17.2) | 17 | (6.5) | 3.4 | 1.5–8.0 |
| Sindhi | 5 | (7.8) | 15 | (5.8) | 1.8 | 0.6–5.2 |
| Baloch and others | 10 | (15.6) | 25 | (9.6) | 2.1 | 0.9–4.8 |
| Education (completed school years) | ||||||
| >10 | 34 | (53.1) | 159 | (61.2) | 1.0 | - |
| ≤ 10 | 30 | (46.9) | 101 | (38.8) | 1.4 | 0.8–2.5 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 29 | (45.3) | 146 | (56.2) | 1.0 | - |
| Ever married | 35 | (54.7) | 114 | (43.8) | 1.5 | 0.9–2.7 |
| Profession | ||||||
| Un-employed | 8 | (12.5) | 50 | (19.2) | 1.0 | - |
| Self-employed | 19 | (29.7) | 39 | (15.0) | 3.0 | 1.1 – 8.6 |
| Service provider | 37 | (57.8) | 171 | (65.8) | 1.4 | 0.6 – 3.4 |
| *Household income (Pak Rs./mo) | ||||||
| > 15000 | 11 | (18.3) | 33 | (15.3) | 1.0 | - |
| 8001–15000 | 16 | (26.7) | 71 | (33.0) | 0.7 | 0.3 – 1.8 |
| 5001–8000 | 9 | (15.0) | 50 | (23.3) | 0.5 | 0.2 – 1.6 |
| ≤ 5000 | 24 | (40.0) | 61 | (28.4) | 1.2 | 0.5 – 2.9 |
| Number of times donated blood | ||||||
| 1 | 21 | (32.8) | 93 | (35.8) | 1.0 | - |
| 2 | 13 | (20.3) | 52 | (20.0) | 1.1 | 0.5–2.6 |
| >2 | 30 | (46.9) | 115 | (44.2) | 1.2 | 0.6–2.3 |
| History of hospital admission | ||||||
| 0 | 50 | (78.1) | 196 | (75.4) | 1.0 | - |
| 1 | 13 | (20.3) | 53 | (20.4) | 0.9 | 0.5–2.0 |
| >1 | 1 | (1.6) | 11 | (4.2) | 0.4 | 0.1–2.8 |
| History of dental treatment | ||||||
| Never had dental treatment | 31 | (48.4) | 183 | (70.4) | 1.0 | - |
| Treated by dentist | 24 | (24.0) | 73 | (28.1) | 1.9 | 1.1–3.5 |
| Treated by others | 9 | (9.0) | 4 | (1.5) | 13.2 | 3.9–45.8 |
| Last injection received (completed months) | ||||||
| Never received injection | 5 | (7.8) | 63 | (24.2) | 1.0 | - |
| ≥ 6 | 34 | (53.1) | 123 | (47.3) | 3.5 | 1.3–9.3 |
| < 6 | 25 | (39.1) | 74 | (28.5) | 4.3 | 1.5–11.8 |
| Injections received in last one year | ||||||
| 0 | 27 | (42.2) | 167 | (64.2) | 1.0 | - |
| 1 | 8 | (12.5) | 19 | (7.3) | 2.6 | 1.0–6.5 |
| 2 – 5 | 19 | (29.7) | 49 | (18.8) | 2.4 | 1.2–4.7 |
| ≥ 6 | 10 | (15.6) | 25 | (9.6) | 2.5 | 1.1–5.7 |
| Injections received in five years | ||||||
| 0 | 15 | (23.4) | 119 | (45.8) | 1.0 | - |
| 1–5 | 23 | (35.9) | 84 | (32.3) | 2.2 | 1.1–4.4 |
| > 5 | 26 | (40.6) | 57 | (21.9) | 3.6 | 1.8–7.4 |
| Injections received in ten years | ||||||
| 0 | 40 | (62.5) | 167 | (64.2) | 1.0 | - |
| 1–10 | 16 | (16.0) | 75 | (28.8) | 0.9 | 0.5–1.7 |
| >10 | 8 | (8.0) | 18 | (6.9) | 1.9 | 0.7–4.6 |
| Type of syringe used for the last injection | ||||||
| Never had injection | 8 | (12.5) | 92 | (35.4) | 1.0 | - |
| Plastic syringe | 31 | (48.4) | 131 | (50.4) | 2.7 | 1.1–6.2 |
| Glass syringe | 25 | (39.1) | 37 | (14.2) | 7.8 | 3.2–18.8 |
| IV infusion received from | ||||||
| Never had drip | 36 | (56.3) | 156 | (60.0) | 1.0 | - |
| Hospital | 6 | (9.4) | 49 | (18.8) | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 |
| GP's and others | 22 | (34.4) | 55 | (21.2) | 1.7 | 0.9–3.2 |
| IV infusion received in last one year | ||||||
| 0 | 53 | (82.8) | 240 | (92.3) | 1.0 | - |
| 1 | 5 | (7.8) | 16 | (6.2) | 1.4 | 0.5–4.0 |
| ≥ 2 | 6 | (9.4) | 4 | (1.5) | 6.8 | 1.9–25.0 |
| IV infusion received in last five years | ||||||
| 0 | 47 | (73.4) | 202 | (77.7) | 1.0 | - |
| 1–4 | 12 | (18.8) | 54 | (20.8) | 1.0 | 0.5–1.9 |
| ≥ 5 | 5 | (7.8) | 4 | (1.5) | 5.3 | 1.4–20.8 |
| IV infusions received in last ten years | ||||||
| 0 | 42 | (65.6) | 171 | (65.8) | 1.0 | - |
| 1–4 | 15 | (23.4) | 79 | (30.4) | 0.8 | 0.5–1.5 |
| ≥ 5 | 7 | (10.9) | 10 | (3.8) | 2.9 | 1.0–8.0 |
| Ear pierced | ||||||
| No | 62 | (96.9) | 248 | (95.4) | 1.0 | - |
| Yes | 2 | (3.1) | 12 | (4.6) | 0.7 | 0.2–3.1 |
| Tattooing | ||||||
| No | 61 | (95.3) | 249 | (95.8) | 1.0 | - |
| Yes | 3 | (4.7) | 11 | (4.2) | 1.1 | 0.3–4.1 |
| Shaving from barber | ||||||
| No | 17 | (26.6) | 100 | (38.5) | 1.0 | - |
| Yes | 47 | (73.4) | 160 | (61.5) | 1.7 | 0.9–3.2 |
| Frequency of going to barber | ||||||
| Never | 17 | (26.6) | 100 | (38.5) | 1.0 | - |
| Daily | 17 | (26.6) | 65 | (25.0) | 1.5 | 0.7–3.2 |
| Once a week | 19 | (29.7) | 59 | (22.7) | 1.9 | 0.9–3.9 |
| More than once a week | 11 | (17.2) | 36 | (13.8) | 1.8 | 0.8–4.2 |
| Death of a family member due to liver disease | ||||||
| No | 55 | (85.9) | 24.8 | (95.4) | 1.0 | - |
| Yes | 9 | (14.1) | 12 | (4.6) | 3.4 | 1.4–8.4 |
| Lived with jaundiced family member | ||||||
| No | 38 | (59.4) | 190 | (73.1) | 1.0 | - |
| Yes | 26 | (40.6) | 70 | (26.9) | 1.9 | 1.0–3.4 |
| History of sexual contact | ||||||
| No history of sexual contact | 24 | (37.5) | 130 | (50.0) | 1.0 | - |
| Sexual contact with ≥ 1 partners | 40 | (62.5) | 130 | (50.0) | 1.6 | 0.9–3.0 |
