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Table 3 Cytokine-producing cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine

From: Impact of a probiotic fermented milk in the gut ecosystem and in the systemic immunity using a non-severe protein-energy-malnutrition model in mice

Sample

Groups

IL-2

IL-12

TNF-α

IFN-γ

IL-6

IL-4

IL-10

Basal

WC

27 ± 8 a

29 ± 8 a,b

41 ± 12 a

31 ± 8 a, b

26 ± 5 a

36 ± 10 a

15 ± 4 a

 

MC

16 ± 4 b

22 ± 8 a,b

21 ± 7 b

20 ± 6 a

16 ± 3 b,c

19 ± 6 b,c

8 ± 2 b

5 days of re-nutrition

WC

31 ± 9 a

32 ± 12 a,b

52 ± 14 a

33 ± 13 a,b

25 ± 7 a,b

34 ± 9 a,b

19 ± 6 a

 

MC

20 ± 7 a,b

16 ± 5 a

21 ± 6 b

20 ± 5 a

13 ± 6 b,c

18 ± 5 c

8 ± 2 b

 

Milk

47 ± 11 a

42 ± 12 b

39 ± 6 a

43 ± 8 b

19 ± 3 a,b,c

91 ± 19 d

20 ± 5 a

 

PFM

37 ± 10 a

36 ± 11 b,c

41 ± 8 a

39 ± 10 b,c

14 ± 3 c

38 ± 10 a

10 ± 4 a,b

 

BFS

34 ± 6 a

21 ± 5 a,c

17 ± 4 b

27 ± 6 a,c

24 ± 4 a

27 ± 9 a,b,c

8 ± 3 a,b

  1. Cytokine-producing cells were detected in the lamina propria of the small intestine of mice from different experimental groups (well-nourished control (WC), malnourished control (MC), and re-nourished with milk, probiotic fermented milk (PFM) or bacterial free supernatant (BFS)) by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The rabbit anti-mouse TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6, IL-2, and IL-4 polyclonal antibodies and goat anti-mouse IL-12 antibody were used. Results are expressed as the number of positive fluorescent cells, counted in 10 fields of vision at 1000× of magnification. Values are means for n = 9 ± SD mice from each group and sample. a,b,c,dMeans for each cell population without a common letter differ significantly (P < 0.05).