Table 2 Basic characteristics of participants according to MAFLD from NHANES 2017–2018

Sex

 < 0.001

Male

577(42%)

566(60%)

FeMale

741(58%)

415(40%)

Age

42 (28, 58)

53 (38, 64)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

26 (23, 30)

32 (29, 36)

 < 0.001

Ratio of income to poverty

3.04 (1.48, 4.98)

3.41 (1.70, 5.00)

0.039

Race

 < 0.001

Mexican American

139(7.0%)

184(12%)

Other Hispanic

114(6.3%)

102(7.1%)

Non-Hispanic White

456(64%)

342(62%)

Non-Hispanic Black

334(12%)

170(7.7%)

Other Race

275(10%)

183(10%)

AIP

-0.12 (0.27)

0.18 (0.31)

 < 0.001

AGTR

2.59 (1.76, 3.50)

1.65 (1.06, 2.28)

 < 0.001

UHR

0.09 (0.07, 0.12)

0.13 (0.10, 0.16)

 < 0.001

TC (mmol/l)

1.04 (0.78, 1.52)

1.76 (1.25, 2.45)

 < 0.001

CRE(umol/L)

300 (79)

353 (86)

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

92 (14)

112 (15)

 < 0.001

Hypertension, n(%)

 < 0.001

NO

945(78%)

508(56%)

YES

373(22%)

473(44%)

Overweight/Obesity

 < 0.001

NO

564(43%)

62(4.4%)

YES

754(57%)

919(96%)

Activity

 < 0.001

Light

278(17%)

267(21%)

Moderate

408(28%)

361(39%)

Vigorous

632(56%)

353(39%)

ALB(g/L)

41.3 (3.3)

40.9 (3.2)

0.2

Drinking

0.5

Never

469(41%)

313(39%)

Moderate

477(39%)

375(39%)

Excessive

372(19%)

293(23%)

ALP(U/L)

69 (56, 85)

77 (64, 94)

 < 0.001

ALT(U/L)

16 (12, 22)

22 (16, 32)

 < 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

 < 0.001

NO

1,214(96%)

767(82%)

YES

104(4.2%)

214(18%)

Smoking

0.6

NO

796(58%)

557(56%)

YES

522(42%)

424(44%)

Protein (gm)

80 (38)

84 (37)

0.059

Vitamin C (mg)

62 (28, 107)

57 (26, 104)

0.6

Blood mercury, total (nmol/L)

7 (11)

7 (11)

0.8

Blood cadmium (nmol/L)

4.2 (5.3)

3.5 (4.9)

0.068