Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants according to MAFLD from NHANES 2007–2016

Sex

 < 0.001

Male

3,981(45%)

2,231(57%)

FeMale

4,653(55%)

1,789(43%)

Age

43 (30, 57)

53 (40, 64)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

26 (23, 29)

33 (30, 38)

 < 0.001

Ratio of income to poverty

2.92 (1.39, 4.94)

2.72 (1.43, 4.67)

0.088

Race

 < 0.001

Mexican American

1,421(9.1%)

610(7.9%)

Other Hispanic

892(5.7%)

547(6.5%)

Non-Hispanic White

3,465(66%)

1,851(71%)

Non-Hispanic Black

1,789(11%)

694(8.6%)

Other Race -

1,067(8.3%)

318(5.7%)

AIP

-0.15 (0.30)

0.16 (0.31)

 < 0.001

AGTR

2.65 (1.95, 3.50)

1.50 (0.96, 2.11)

 < 0.001

UHR

0.09 (0.07, 0.12)

0.14 (0.10, 0.17)

 < 0.001

TC (mmol/l)

1.01 (0.71, 1.41)

1.65 (1.15, 2.33)

 < 0.001

CRE(umol/L)

307 (75)

366 (85)

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

92 (12)

114 (14)

 < 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

 < 0.001

NO

6,359(77%)

1,917(49%)

Yes

2,275(23%)

2,103(51%)

Overweight/Obesity

 < 0.001

NO

3,738(44%)

173(3.8%)

Yes

4,896(56%)

3,847(96%)

Activity

 < 0.001

Light

1,875(18%)

1,270(28%)

Moderate

3,330(38%)

1,656(42%)

Vigorous

3,429(44%)

1,094(30%)

ALB(g/L)

43.1 (3.3)

42.1 (3.2)

 < 0.001

Drinking

 < 0.001

Never

2,178(20%)

1,147(24%)

Moderate

745(9.1%)

475(12%)

Excessive

5,711(71%)

2,398(64%)

ALP(U/L)

61 (50, 74)

68 (56, 83)

 < 0.001

ALT(U/L)

19 (15, 25)

27 (20, 37)

 < 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

 < 0.001

NO

8,023(95%)

3,099(81%)

Yes

611(4.8%)

921(19%)

Smoking

 < 0.001

NO

5,044(58%)

2,050(50%)

Yes

3,590(42%)

1,970(50%)

Protein (gm)

82 (34)

84 (35)

0.022

Vitamin C (mg)

68 (33, 117)

57 (27, 107)

 < 0.001

Mercury, total (umol/L)

8 (12)

7 (10)

 < 0.001

Blood cadmium (nmol/L)

4.5 (5.4)

4.3 (5.3)

0.2