Table 1 The characteristics of included studies in this study

Tan W 2023 [6]

China

Covert HE

800 mg/1200 mg per day

Black

8 W

8 W

Bajaj JS 2023 [33]

US

Cirrhosis

40 mg/80 mg

Placebo

24 W

26 W

Patel VC 2022 [34]

UK

Chronic HE

550 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

90D

30D

Abdel Moneim M 2021 [35]

Egypt

HE or history of at least one episode

400 mg t.i.d.

Placebo

6 M

6 M

Bureau C 2021 [36]

France

Cirrhosis undergoing TIPS

600 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

182D

168D

Zeng X 2021 [37]

China

Decompensated cirrhosis

400 mg b.i.d.

Blank

6 M

6 M

Pawar VB 2019 [38]

India

Minimal HE

550 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

3 M

3 M

Sarwar S 2019 [39]

Pakistan

Decompensated cirrhosis

200 mg b.i.d.; 550 mg b.i.d.

-

6 M

6 M

Hasan S 2018 [40]

India

HE

400 mg t.i.d.

Blank

10D

10D

Higuera-de-la-Tijera F 2018 [41]

Mexico

Cirrhosis with variceal bleeding

400 mg t.i.d.

Placebo

7d

28D

Butt NI 2018 [42]

Pakistan

HE due to decompensated chronic liver disease

550 mg b.i.d.

Blank

10D

10D

Khokhar N 2015 [43]

Pakistan

Chronic cirrhosis with a previous episode of HE.

550 mg b.i.d.; 550 mg q.d.

-

6 M

6 M

Sharma K 2014 [44]

India

Minimal HE

400 mg t.i.d.

Placebo

2 M

2 M

Ali B 2014 [45]

Pakistan

Remission from recurrence HE resulting from cirrhosis

550 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

6 M

6 M

Sharma BC 2013 [46]

India

Overt HE

400 mg t.i.d.

Placebo

10D

10D

Sanyal A 2011 [47]

USA

Cirrhosis in remission from HE

550 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

6 M

6 M

Sidhu SS 2011 [48]

India

Minimal HE

400 mg t.i.d.

Placebo

8 W

8 W

Bajaj JS 2012 [49]

USA

Minimal HE

550 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

8 W

8 W

Bass NM 2010 [50]

USA

Cirrhosis and HE in remission

550 mg b.i.d.

Placebo

6 M

168D

Riggio O 2005 [51]

Italy

Cirrhosis undergoing TIPS

400 mg t.i.d.

Blank

1 M

1 M

Williams R 2000 [52]

UK

Mild to moderate HE

600 mg/1200 mg/2400 mg per day

-

7D

7D