Table 1 Comparison of basic characteristics of people with and without hepatic steatosis

Age, years, Mean (S.E)

52.37 (1.18)

51.61 (2.01)

52.75 (1.10)

0.544

Gender, n (%)

0.103

 Male

407 (50.07)

109 (44.28)

298 (52.98)

 Female

469 (49.93)

180 (55.72)

289 (47.02)

Race, n (%)

0.455

 Mexican American

154 (11.52)

37 (8.13)

117 (13.22)

 Other Hispanic

96 (6.79)

31 (6.63)

65 (6.87)

 Non-Hispanic White

308 (62.25)

100 (63.26)

208 (61.75)

 Non-Hispanic Black

162 (8.86)

66 (10.20)

96 (8.19)

 Other Race

156 (10.58)

55 (11.78)

101 (9.97)

Education level, n (%)

0.004

 High school degree or less

222 (15.10)

86 (21.24)

136 (12.02)

 High school education

214 (32.53)

52 (22.83)

162 (37.41)

 High school degree or above

429 (51.71)

147 (55.16)

282 (49.98)

 Unknown

11 (0.65)

4 (0.77)

7 (0.59)

Family PIR, Mean (S.E)

2.80 (0.10)

2.76 (0.15)

2.81 (0.14)

0.790

Drinking status, n (%)

0.871

 No

116 (9.73)

48 (10.07)

68 (9.56)

 Yes

760 (90.27)

241 (89.93)

519 (90.44)

Smoking status, n (%)

0.875

 Never smoked

457 (49.28)

158 (47.95)

299 (49.95)

 Used to smoke and now quit

255 (30.88)

74 (30.90)

181 (30.86)

 Still smoking

164 (19.85)

57 (21.16)

107 (19.19)

Physical activity, n (%)

0.708

 ≤ 750 MET∙min

605 (61.46)

210 (62.89)

395 (60.74)

 > 750 MET∙min

271 (38.54)

79 (37.12)

192 (39.26)

SBP, mmHg, Mean (S.E)

131.37 (0.63)

129.69 (1.62)

132.22 (1.00)

0.290

DBP, mmHg, Mean (S.E)

76.09 (0.64)

76.44 (1.27)

75.91 (0.63)

0.700

Hepatitis, n (%)

0.025

 No

797 (93.57)

254 (89.25)

543 (95.75)

 Yes

79 (6.43)

35 (10.75)

44 (4.26)

CKD, n (%)

0.652

 No

811 (95.27)

266 (94.57)

545 (95.62)

 Yes

65 (4.73)

23 (5.43)

42 (4.38)

CVD, n (%)

0.011

 No

592 (71.57)

210 (79.72)

382 (67.48)

 Yes

284 (28.43)

79 (20.28)

205 (32.52)

ALT, U/L, Mean (S.E)

27.25 (1.04)

23.34 (1.49)

29.21 (1.15)

0.004

AST, U/L, Mean (S.E)

23.48 (0.81)

22.40 (1.63)

24.02 (0.92)

0.408

ALP, IU/L, Mean (S.E)

81.61 (0.83)

83.04 (2.41)

80.90 (1.11)

0.494

GGT, IU/L, Mean (S.E)

36.13 (1.94)

33.41 (3.41)

37.50 (2.06)

0.281

TC, mg/dL, Mean (S.E)

191.01 (3.62)

190.37 (2.84)

191.32 (4.54)

0.808

LDL-C, mg/dL, Mean (S.E)

114.49 (2.57)

113.35 (2.18)

115.06 (3.29)

0.591

Hs-CRP, mg/L, Mean (S.E)

5.22 (0.50)

5.19 (1.32)

5.23 (0.36)

0.978

Platelet count, 1000 cells/uL, Mean (S.E)

245.33 (3.66)

249.42 (4.61)

243.28 (4.37)

0.271

Total bilirubin, umol/L, Mean (S.E)

8.12 (0.24)

8.04 (0.46)

8.16 (0.29)

0.839

Serum creatinine, mg/dL, Mean (S.E)

0.87 (0.01)

0.87 (0.02)

0.87 (0.01)

0.685

Urinary creatinine, mg/dL, Mean (S.E)

139.13 (5.45)

126.81 (10.49)

145.33 (4.25)

0.086

Serum ALB, g/L, Mean (S.E)

39.79 (0.26)

39.67 (0.39)

39.86 (0.32)

0.711

Urinary ALB, mg/L, Mean (S.E)

57.03 (8.94)

53.57 (14.45)

58.77 (11.72)

0.789

Drug for diabetes, n (%)

0.028

 No

634 (77.36)

227 (83.91)

407 (74.07)

 Yes

242 (22.64)

62 (16.09)

180 (25.93)

Drug for hypertension, n (%)

0.013

 No

472 (57.54)

164 (66.39)

308 (53.09)

 Yes

404 (42.46)

125 (33.62)

279 (46.91)

Drug for dyslipidemia, n (%)

0.129

 No

591 (69.83)

206 (75.00)

385 (67.23)

 Yes

285 (30.17)

83 (25.00)

202 (32.77)

Antiviral agents, n (%)

0.986

 No

874 (99.92)

288 (99.92)

586 (99.92)

 Yes

2 (0.08)

1 (0.08)

1 (0.08)

Glucocorticoids, n (%)

0.897

 No

854 (97.73)

281 (97.83)

573 (97.68)

 Yes

22 (2.27)

8 (2.17)

14 (2.32)

Drug induce hepatic steatosis n (%)

0.129

 No

859 (97.67)

279 (96.00)

580 (98.50)

 Yes

17 (2.33)

10 (4.00)

7 (1.50)

Energy, Mean (S.E)

2220.76 (50.98)

2126.94 (75.22)

2267.91 (67.43)

0.194

Carbohydrate, Mean (S.E)

258.88 (6.21)

252.72 (7.69)

261.97 (8.27)

0.415

Protein, Mean (S.E)

83.54 (2.04)

76.39 (3.03)

87.14 (2.79)

0.030

Total fat, Mean (S.E)

91.19 (2.41)

85.05 (4.41)

94.28 (3.09)

0.126

Vitamin E, Mean (S.E)

0.67 (0.18)

0.92 (0.45)

0.55 (0.15)

0.451

METS-IR, Mean (S.E)

53.19 (1.03)

47.68 (1.09)

55.96 (0.95)

< 0.001

TyG index, Mean (S.E)

9.14 (0.04)

8.97 (0.05)

9.22 (0.06)

0.006

HOMA-IR, Mean (S.E)

6.49 (0.37)

4.32 (0.40)

7.58 (0.52)

< 0.001

TyG-WHtR, Mean (S.E)

6.05 (0.07)

5.62 (0.07)

6.27 (0.07)

< 0.001