From: Risk score to predict gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke
 | Derivation cohort | Internal validation cohort | P1value* | External validation cohort | P2value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | (n = 8,820) | (n = 5,882) |  | (n = 2,938) |  |
Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age, y, median (IQR) | 66 (56-74) | 66 (57-75) | 0.11 | 64 (55-72) | <0.001 |
 Gender (male), n (%) | 5430 (61.6) | 3675 (62.5) | 0.27 | 1927 (65.5) | <0.001 |
Vascular risk factor, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hypertension | 5601 (63.5) | 3683 (62.6) | 0.27 | 1987 (67.6) | <0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 1834 (20.8) | 1287 (21.9) | 0.11 | 720 (24.5) | <0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 947 (10.7) | 637 (10.8) | 0.86 | 386 (13.1) | <0.001 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 643 (7.3) | 415 (7.1) | 0.60 | 175 (6.0) | 0.01 |
 Coronary artery disease | 1222 (13.9) | 811 (13.8) | 0.91 | 285 (9.7) | <0.001 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 64 (0.7) | 29 (0.5) | 0.08 | 26 (0.9) | 0.39 |
 History of stroke/TIA | 2795 (31.7) | 1822 (31.0) | 0.36 | 809 (27.5) | <0.001 |
 Smoking | 3510 (39.8) | 2326 (39.5) | 0.70 | 1022 (34.8) | <0.001 |
 Heavy alcohol consumption | 1346 (15.3) | 921 (15.7) | 0.55 | 372 (12.7) | <0.001 |
Others coexistent condition, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Congestive heart failure | 169 (1.9) | 121 (2.1) | 0.55 | 24 (0.8) | <0.001 |
 Valvular heart disease | 213 (2.4) | 139 (2.4) | 0.83 | 40 (1.4) | 0.001 |
 COPD | 98 (1.1) | 64 (1.1) | 0.88 | 12 (0.4) | 0.001 |
 Hepatic cirrhosis | 29 (0.3) | 21 (0.4) | 0.78 | 7 (0.2) | 0.44 |
 Peptic ulcer or previous GIB | 283 (3.2) | 195 (3.3) | 0.72 | 76 (2.6) | 0.09 |
 Renal failure | 7 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 0.80 | 3 (0.1) | 0.71 |
 Arthritis | 266 (3.0) | 176 (3.0) | 0.27 | 45 (1.5) | <0.001 |
 Dementia | 113 (1.3) | 82 (1.4) | 0.57 | 18 (0.6) | 0.003 |
 Cancer | 150 (1.7) | 109 (1.9) | 0.51 | 54 (1.8) | 0.62 |
Pre-stroke dependence (mRS ≥3), n (%) | 809 (9.2) | 535 (9.1) | 0.87 | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
Pre-admission antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | 1449 (16.4) | 932 (15.8) | 0.35 | 357 (12.2) | <0.001 |
Pre-admission anticoagulation therapy, n (%) | 210 (2.4) | 122 (2.1) | 0.22 | 26 (0.9) | <0.001 |
Admission NIHSS score, median (IQR) | 5 (2-9) | 5 (2-9) | 0.68 | 4 (2-8) | 0.02 |
Admission GCS score, median (IQR) | 15 (14-15) | 15 (14-15) | 0.36 | 15 (15-15) | 0.18 |
Admission SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 150 (134-163) | 150 (135-162) | 0.88 | 150 (135-167) | 0.22 |
Admission DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 89 (80-95) | 89 (80-95) | 0.98 | 90 (80-98) | 0.11 |
OCSP subtype, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.22 | Â | <0.001 |
 Partial anterior circulation infarct (PACI) | 4834 (54.8) | 3327 (56.6) |  | 1829 (62.3) |  |
 Total anterior circulation infarct (TACI) | 811 (9.2) | 519 (8.8) |  | 176 (6.0) |  |
 Lacunar infarction (LACI) | 1667 (18.9) | 1074 (18.3) |  | 246 (8.4) |  |
 Posterior circulation infarct (POCI) | 1508 (17.1) | 962 (18.4) |  | 687 (23.4) |  |
Intravenous t-PA within 3Â h after onset, n (%) | 108 (1.2) | 73 (1.2) | 0.93 | 137 (4.6) | <0.001 |
Antithrombotic therapy on admission, n (%) | 7371 (83.6) | 4950 (84.2) | 0.35 | 2550 (86.8) | <0.001 |
Anticoagulation therapy on admission, n (%) | 210 (2.4) | 122 (2.1) | 0.24 | 159 (5.4) | <0.001 |
Length of hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 14 (10-20) | 14 (10-20) | 0.96 | 14 (11-18) | 0.15 |
In-hospital GIB, n (%) | 227 (2.6) | 135 (2.3) | 0.29 | 44 (1.5) | 0.001 |