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Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders

This section concerns all clinical and basic science aspects of hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders including but not limited to: prevention, diagnosis and management, as well as related molecular genetics and pathophysiology.


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  1. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder that causes a considerable economic health burden. While the overall mortality is low, around 20% of patients have a complicated course of disease resulting ...

    Authors: C. Ammer-Herrmenau, T. Asendorf, G. Beyer, S. M. Buchholz, S. Cameron, M. Damm, F. Frost, R. Henker, R. Jaster, V. Phillip, M. Placzek, C. Ratei, S. Sirtl, T. van den Berg, M. J. Weingarten, J. Woitalla…

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:304

    Content type: Study protocol

    Published on:

  3. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is the presence of neuropsychological abnormalities detectable by psychometric tests. Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) is a gold standard test for the early...

    Authors: Larissa Pessidjo Djomatcho, Mathurin Pierre Kowo, Antonin Ndjitoyap Ndam, Sylvain Raoul Simeni Njonnou, Gabin Ulrich Kenfack, Firmin Ankouane Andoulo, Servais Fiacre Eloumou Bagnaka, Winnie Tatiana Bekolo, Agnès Malongue, Isabelle Dang Babagna, Magloire Biwolé Sida, Henry Luma and Oudou Njoya

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:287

    Content type: Research

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  4. Human Swayback is a disease characterized by acquired copper deficiency which primarily manifests as myeloneuropathy. Common causes include malabsorptive disorders, gastric surgery, total parenteral nutrition ...

    Authors: Blanca C. Lizaola-Mayo, Rolland C. Dickson, Dora M. Lam-Himlin and David M. Chascsa

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:278

    Content type: Case report

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  6. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most frequent genetic kidney disease and polycystic liver disease is its major extrarenal manifestation, however biliary peritonitis due to a liver c...

    Authors: Hiroshi Matsuo, Kan Katayama, Aoi Hayasaki, Yusuke Iizawa, Mayumi Endo, Tomohiro Murata, Shugo Mizuno and Kaoru Dohi

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:267

    Content type: Case report

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  7. The rapid growth of Qatar in the last two decades has attracted a large influx of immigrant workers who mostly come from HEV-hyperendemic countries. Thus, we aim to investigate the prevalence of HEV among acut...

    Authors: Enas S. Al Absi, Duaa W. Al-Sadeq, Makiyeh Khalili, Nadin Younes, Nader Al-Dewik, Sara K. Abdelghany, Somaia S. Abouzid, Asma A. Al Thani, Hadi M. Yassine, Peter V. Coyle and Gheyath K. Nasrallah

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:266

    Content type: Research article

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  8. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, ranks as the fifth most common cancer and has been the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death. RNA binding protein...

    Authors: Zeng-Hong Wu, Hong-Ming Huang and Dong-Liang Yang

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:265

    Content type: Research article

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  9. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can lead to liver failure which renders to liver transplant. miRNAs might be detected as biomarkers in subclinical stage of several hepatobiliary disorders like HCC. Therefore, i...

    Authors: Afsoon Afshari, Ramin Yaghobi, Mohammad Hossein Karimi and Javad Mowla

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:262

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Pancreaticopleural fistula (PPF) is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis (CP) that requires a high index of clinical suspicion in the patient who presents with a pleural effusion. Visualizing the fistul...

    Authors: Teera Kijmassuwan, Prapun Aanpreung, Varayu Prachayakul and Prakarn Tovichien

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:261

    Content type: Case report

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  11. Cholangiocarcinoma is frequently observed in patients with congenital bile duct dilatation (CBDD). Most cholangiocarcinomas are adenocarcinomas. Other types, especially neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), are ra...

    Authors: Yoshitaka Kiya, Yuichi Nagakawa, Chie Takishita, Hiroaki Osakabe, Hitoe Nishino, Masanori Akashi, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Toshitaka Nagao, Ryo Oono, Kenji Katsumata and Akihiko Tsuchida

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:257

    Content type: Case report

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  12. Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UCOGCs) is a rare and aggressive non endocrine pancreatic carcinoma characterized by the presence of osteoclastic giant cells mixed with mononuclear...

    Authors: Elisabetta Cavalcanti, Nicolo’ Schena, Grazia Serino, Giulio Lantone and Raffaele Armentano

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:247

    Content type: Case report

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  13. Zanubrutinib is a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been recently licensed in refractory mantle cell lymphoma and under assessment in phase 3 clinical trials for other B cell malignancies. To date, t...

    Authors: Edmond Atallah, Pramudi Wijayasiri, Nicole Cianci, Khorrum Abdullah, Abhik Mukherjee and Guruprasad P. Aithal

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:244

    Content type: Case report

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  14. A chronic expanding hematoma (CEH) enlarges as a result of slight bleeding over several months, and the tissue shows a mixture of blood breakdown products, granulation tissue with capillary ingrowth, and infla...

    Authors: Yasuyuki Ono, Shuji Kariya, Miyuki Nakatani, Yutaka Ueno, Takuji Maruyama, Atsushi Komemushi, Masaki Kaibori, Masatoshi Ikeda and Noboru Tanigawa

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:241

    Content type: Case report

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  15. The effect of time delay from diagnosis to surgery on the prognosis of elderly patients with liver cancer is not well known. We investigated the effect of surgical timing on the prognosis of elderly hepatocell...

    Authors: Yongfei He, Tianyi Liang, Shutian Mo, Zijun Chen, Shuqi Zhao, Xin Zhou, Liping Yan, Xiangkun Wang, Hao Su, Guangzhi Zhu, Chuangye Han and Tao Peng

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:230

    Content type: Research article

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  17. Non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease and an unhealthy lifestyle can lead to an increased risk of NAFLD. The present study aims to evaluate the association of meat consumptio...

    Authors: Hewei Peng, Xiaoxu Xie, Xinting Pan, Jing Zheng, Yidan Zeng, Xiaoling Cai, Zhijian Hu and Xian-E Peng

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:221

    Content type: Research article

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  18. The benefits of surgical resection (SR) for various Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. We investigated the risk factors of overall survival (OS) and s...

    Authors: Yaw-Sen Chen, Pei-Min Hsieh, Hung-Yu Lin, Chao-Ming Hung, Gin-Ho Lo, Yao-Chun Hsu, I.-Cheng Lu, Chih-Yuan Lee, Tsung-Chin Wu, Jen-Hao Yeh, Pojen Hsiao, Yu-Chan Li, Ya-Chin Wang, Kun-Chou Hsieh and Chih-Wen Lin

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:220

    Content type: Research article

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  19. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is associated with the outcome of pancreatic disease. However, there is no method for assessing PEI that can be used noninvasively and easily for outpatient. It has been...

    Authors: Kota Uetsuki, Hiroki Kawashima, Eizaburo Ohno, Takuya Ishikawa, Tadashi Iida, Kenta Yamamoto, Kazuhiro Furukawa, Masanao Nakamura, Takashi Honda, Masatoshi Ishigami, Yoshiki Hirooka and Mitsuhiro Fujishiro

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:211

    Content type: Research article

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  20. Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the pancreas with pseudocysts, especially diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), is extremely rare.

    Authors: Xia Qiu, Yajie Meng, Meiqin Lu, Chuan Tian, Min Wang and Junwen Zhang

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:208

    Content type: Case report

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  21. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a complex group of tumours that occur in many organs. Routinely used IHC markers for NEN diagnosis include CgA, synaptophysin, Ki67 and CD56. These have limitations includin...

    Authors: Abhirami Venugopal, Jessie Gillick-Walker, Agnes Michalczyk, Mustafa Khasraw and M. Leigh Ackland

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:194

    Content type: Case report

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  22. Approximately 50% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) develop metastases most commonly in the liver. Liver transplantation (LT) can be used in certain cases of primary liver malignancy or in metastatic di...

    Authors: Mahmoud Tabbal, Abdullah Mahmoud Alkhalifa, Abdullah Saleh AlQattan, Mohammed AlJawad, Mansour Ahmed Tawfeeq and Mohammed Saad Al Qahtani

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:191

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  24. Portal hepatic schwannoma is a rare benign tumor and difficult to diagnose preoperatively because of its rarity and imaging manifestations that mimic malignancy. We present a case of portal hepatic schwannoma ...

    Authors: Maki Amano, Yasuo Amano, Ryo Takagi, Xiaoyan Tang, Yuko Omori and Masahiro Okada

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:183

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  25. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 20–30% of the general adult population. NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at an increased risk of advanced fibrosis, which puts them at r...

    Authors: Patrik Nasr, Fredrik Iredahl, Nils Dahlström, Karin Rådholm, Pontus Henriksson, Gunnar Cedersund, Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard, Tino Ebbers, Joakim Alfredsson, Carl-Johan Carlhäll, Peter Lundberg, Stergios Kechagias and Mattias Ekstedt

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:180

    Content type: Study protocol

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  26. Acute pancreatitis (AP) lacks targeted prevention and treatment measures. Some key points in the pathogenesis of AP remain unclear, such as early activation of pancreatic enzymes. Several recent reports have s...

    Authors: Kun Li, Hongling Yin, Yi Duan, Peizhen Lai, Yancheng Cai and Youzhen Wei

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:178

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  27. Predicting imminent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in liver cirrhotic patients is an unmet medical need. We aimed to investigate circulatory biomarkers and their optimum combinations in a prospective study.

    Authors: Kung-Hao Liang, Ming-Wei Lai, Yang-Hsiang Lin, Yu-De Chu, Chih-Lang Lin, Wey-Ran Lin, Ya-Hui Huang, Tong-Hung Wang, Rong-Nan Chien, Tsung-Hui Hu and Chau-Ting Yeh

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:177

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  28. There is a lack of studies regarding the optimal timing for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with cholangitis caused by distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). This study a...

    Authors: Namyoung Park, Sang Hyub Lee, Min Su You, Joo Seong Kim, Gunn Huh, Jung Won Chun, In Rae Cho, Woo Hyun Paik, Ji Kon Ryu and Yong-Tae Kim

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:175

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  29. Hydatid cysts are parasitic zoonoses that often occur in the liver. Pancreatic hydatid cysts are very rare and are usually misdiagnosed as pancreatic cystadenomas. At present, surgical resection combined with ...

    Authors: Yilei Wu, Jun Gong, Wei Xiong, Xiaojiong Yu and Xiangyu Lu

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:164

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  30. Deficiency of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase, encoded by CYP7B1, is associated with fatal infantile progressive intrahepatic cholestasis and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. Most reported patients with CYP7B1 muta...

    Authors: Yun-Ping Tang, Jing-Yu Gong, Kenneth D. R. Setchell, Wujuan Zhang, Jing Zhao and Jian-She Wang

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:163

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  31. Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas is a new disease concept defined by the World Health Organization in 2010. ITPN progresses with tubulopapillary growth in the pancreatic duct and is ...

    Authors: Atsushi Yamaguchi, Takuro Hamada, Kaoru Wada, Riho Moriuchi, Kanae Tao, Hirona Konishi, Yuzuru Tamaru, Ryusaku Kusunoki, Toshio Kuwai, Hirotaka Kouno, Kohei Ishiyama, Naoto Hadano, Takeshi Sudo, Naoyuki Toyota, Junichi Zaitsu, Kazuya Kuraoka…

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:162

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  32. Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. Short-term survival has improved due to improved surgical techniques and greater efficacy of immunosuppressive dr...

    Authors: Magda Teresa Thomsen, Julie Høgh, Andreas Dehlbæk Knudsen, Anne Marie Reimer Jensen, Marco Gelpi, Gerda E. Villadsen, Rozeta Abazi, Peter Holland-Fischer, Lars Køber, Otto Clemmesen, Paul Suno Krohn, Jens Hillingsø, Tina Vilsbøll, Tor Biering-Sørensen, Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard…

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:145

    Content type: Study protocol

    Published on:

  33. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk irrespective of conventional risk factors. The role of gut-liver interaction is implicated in its development. We inve...

    Authors: Pui Lin Chong, David Laight, Richard J. Aspinall, Antony Higginson and Michael H. Cummings

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:144

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  34. Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has gradually become a routine surgical procedure. However, how to expose the whole hepatic vein and avoid the hepatic vein laceration is still a challenge because of th...

    Authors: Shaohe Wang, Yang Yue, Wenjie Zhang, Qiaoyu Liu, Beicheng Sun, Xitai Sun and Decai Yu

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:138

    Content type: Technical advance

    Published on:

  35. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of death in patients with cirrhosis, primarily due to failed early detection. HCC screening is recommended among individuals with cirrhosis using biannual ab...

    Authors: Jörn Lewin, Denise Kottwitz, Johanna Aoyama, Theo deVos, Jorge Garces, Oliver Hasinger, Stefanie Kasielke, Florian Knaust, Preeti Rathi, Sebastian Rausch, Gunter Weiss, Alexander Zipprich, Edward Mena and Tse-Ling Fong

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:136

    Content type: Research article

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  37. This study was performed to understand the prevalence of and possible risk factors for cholecystolithiasis in Uyghur, Kazakh, Han, and other ethnic groups in the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region of China.

    Authors: Fujun Lv, Guangjun Wang, Dandan Ding, Caifu Shen, Jiangwei Liu, Feng Ji and Yan Kang

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:125

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  38. Serum hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is a potential surrogate marker for intra-hepatic covalently-closed circular DNA in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We aimed to study the profiles of serum HBcrAg in ...

    Authors: Lung-Yi Mak, Danny Ka-Ho Wong, Ka-Shing Cheung, Wai-Kay Seto, James Fung and Man-Fung Yuen

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:123

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  39. There is increased interest in the therapeutic use of statins in cirrhosis, but preferred statin and safety outcomes are still not well known. In this systematic review we aimed to address pharmacokinetics (PK...

    Authors: Shuen Sung, Mustafa Al-Karaghouli, Sylvia Kalainy, Lourdes Cabrera Garcia and Juan G. Abraldes

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:120

    Content type: Research article

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  40. The diagnosis of pediatric pancreatitis has been increasing over the last 20 years. We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics for pediatric acute pancreatitis (AP) with adult AP, and investigate the ris...

    Authors: Rui Zhong, Shali Tan, Yan Peng, Huan Xu, Xin Jiang, Yongfeng Yan, Muhan Lv, Li Liu and Xiaowei Tang

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:116

    Content type: Research article

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  41. Liver transplantation (LT) remains the curative treatment for symptomatic Polycystic Liver Disease (PCLD) patients and is associated with excellent survival rates. The aim of the study is to review the Ontario...

    Authors: Mohammed Alsager, Shuet Fong Neong, Radhika Gandhi, Anouar Teriaky, Ephraim Tang, Anton Skaro, Karim Qumosani, Les Lilly, Zita Galvin, Nazia Selzner, Mamatha Pallavi Bhat, Klajdi Puka and Mayur Brahmania

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:115

    Content type: Research article

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  42. Hereditary hemochromatosis is a heterogenous group of inherited iron-overload conditions that is characterized by increased intestinal absorption and deposition in vital organs. Hepcidin is a soluble regulator...

    Authors: Sohji Nishina, Yasuyuki Tomiyama, Katsuya Ikuta, Yasuaki Tatsumi, Yasumichi Toki, Ayako Kato, Koichi Kato, Naoko Yoshioka, Kyo Sasaki, Yuichi Hara and Keisuke Hino

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:111

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  43. The gastrointestinal tract is sa well-known site for extranodal Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with the stomach is known to be the most common site on lymphoma, primary gastric lymphoma (PGL). The lymphoproliferative ...

    Authors: Moiz Ahmed, Ahmed Al-Khazraji, Umer Syed, Tasur Seen and Aaron Walfish

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:104

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  44. We investigated the utility and safety of a new uneven double-lumen sphincterotome in biliary cannulation in comparison with the conventional pancreatic guidewire (PGW) method.

    Authors: Shuhei Shintani, Osamu Inatomi, Yoshiya Takeda, Hiroshi Matsumoto, Takehide Fujimoto, Yoshihisa Tsuji, Hiromu Kutsumi and Akira Andoh

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:102

    Content type: Research article

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  45. Liver metastasis is an important prognostic factor for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs), but the relationship between the clinical features of patients with pNEN and liver metastasis remains undeter...

    Authors: Maoen Pan, Yuanyuan Yang, Tianhong Teng, Fengchun Lu, Yanchan Chen and Heguang Huang

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:101

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  46. Several molecular prediction models based on the clinical parameters had been constructed to predict and diagnosis the risk of NAFLD, but the accuracy of these molecular prediction models remains need to be ve...

    Authors: Qing Zhang, Yueli Zhu, Wanjiang Yu, Zhipeng Xu, Zhenzhen Zhao, Shousheng Liu, Yongning Xin and Kuirong Lv

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:88

    Content type: Research article

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  47. Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) is a complication of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the neck and body of the pancreas often manifesting as persistent pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) or extern...

    Authors: Eric Chong, Chathura Bathiya Ratnayake, Samantha Saikia, Manu Nayar, Kofi Oppong, Jeremy J. French, John A. Windsor and Sanjay Pandanaboyana

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:87

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  48. Hepatic cavernous hemangioma is the most common type of benign liver tumor. Although ruptures and hemorrhages of hepatic hemangioma are rare complications, they are associated with high mortality. Most practit...

    Authors: Yong-Guang Yang, Wei-Feng Chen, Wei-Heng Mai, Xiao-Fang Li, Hong-Lian Zhou, Li-Juan Liu and Ming-Yi Li

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:84

    Content type: Case report

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  50. Amyloid deposition in pancreas is rare. Lactoferrin amyloid deposition has not been reported in pancreas, till date. Presence of enhancing mural nodule in a cyst on imaging is a worrisome feature for malignanc...

    Authors: Katherine A. Baugh, Svetang Desai, George Van Buren 2nd, William E. Fisher, Carlos A. Farinas and Sadhna Dhingra

    Citation: BMC Gastroenterology 2021 21:66

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

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