Risk factors of active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with COVID-19 infection and the effectiveness of PPI prophylaxis

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with active UGIB

Variables	Univariate		Multivariate
	OR (95%CI)	p-value	OR (95%CI)	p-value
Cirrhosis	3.30 (0.47–22.98)	0.22	2.65 (0.26–27.28)	0.41
Mechanical ventilator requirement	2.37 (0.41–13.79)	0.34	4.61 (0.53–40.30)	0.17
Steroid use	2.07 (0.32–13.25)	0.44	2.05 (0.21–20.38)	0.54
Prophylactic enoxaparin/ heparin use for COVID-19 treatment	1.93 (0.20–18.23)	0.57	1.02 (0.06–16.71)	0.89
Current antiplatelet use^a	1.56 (0.30–8.12)	0.60	3.51 (0.33–37.55)	0.30
Current anticoagulant use^a	0.83 (0.09–7.54)	1.00	NA	1.00
No PPI prophylaxis	4.41 (1.10–20.33)	0.03	4.29 (1.04–19.51)	0.04
GBS (every1 point)	5.89 (1.15–30.05)	0.03	7.98 (1.03–72.87)	0.04

PPI proton-pump inhibitor, GBS Glasgow-Blatchford score, OR odd ratio, CI confidence interval
^aReceived treatment for underlying disease prior to admission

ISSN: 1471-230X