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Table 1 Characteristics of COVID-19 infected patients with active UGIB compared to those with inactive UGIB (n = 43)

From: Risk factors of active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with COVID-19 infection and the effectiveness of PPI prophylaxis

Variables

Total (n = 43)

Active UGIB (n = 7)

Inactive UGIB (n = 36)

p-value

Age (years)

 Mean ± SD

69.1 ± 11.8

67.0 ± 9.6

69.5 ± 12.3

0.466

 Median (IQR)

68.0 (60.0,76.0)

67.0 (59.0,76.0)

68.5 (61.8,77.0)

 

 Sex Male, n(%)

28 (65.1)

5 (71.4)

23 (63.9)

0.737

Comorbidities, n(%)

 DM

27 (62.8)

3 (42.9)

24 (66.7)

0.213

 HT

31 (72.1)

4 (57.2)

27 (75.0)

0.313

 IHD

9 (20.9)

1 (14.3)

8 (22.2)

0.659

 Old CVA

3 (7.0)

1 (14.3)

2 (5.6)

0.421

 CKD/ESRD

13 (30.2)

0

13 (36.1)

0.082

 Cirrhosis

5 (11.6)

2 (28.6)

3 (8.3)

0.218

Presentations, n(%)

 Hematemesis

5 (11.6)

5 (71.4)

0

 < 0.001

 Fresh blood from NG tube

1 (2.3)

1 (14.3)

0

 

 Coffee ground emesis

19 (44.2)

0

19 (52.8)

 

 Melena

17 (39.6)

0

17 (47.2)

 

 Hematochezia

1 (2.3)

1 (14.3)

0

 

COVID-19 infection details

 Mechanical ventilator requirement, n(%)

24 (55.8)

5 (71.4)

19 (52.8)

0.338

COVID-19 infection date (day)

 Mean ± SD

13.5 ± 12.5

15.9 ± 15.5

13.1 ± 12.0

0.718

 Median (IQR)

8.0 (4.0,22.0)

11.0 (1.0,30.0)

7.5 (4.0,21.5)

 

COVID-19 treatment, n(%)

 Steroid

35 (81.4)

5 (71.4)

30 (83.3)

0.444

 Enoxaparin/heparin

10 (23.3)

1 (14.3)

9 (25.0)

0.566

Medications, n(%)

 Antiplatelet

14 (32.6)

3 (42.9)

11 (30.6)

0.595

 Anticoagulant

2 (4.7)

0

2 (5.6)

1.000

 PPI

28 (65.1)

2 (28.6)

26 (72.2)

0.027

Laboratories, mean ± SD

 Hb baseline (g/dL)

11.5 ± 1.8

12.6 ± 1.7

11.3 ± 1.8

0.071

 Hb (g/dL)

8.5 ± 2.0

7.5 ± 1.8

8.8 ± 2.0

0.136

 Hb changing (g/dL)

3.0 ± 2.1

5.2 ± 1.8

2.6 ± 2.0

0.002

 Hematocrit (%)

25.3 ± 6.1

22.5 ± 5.3

25.9 ± 6.1

0.187

 INR

1.31 ± 0.37

1.41 ± 0.54

1.29 ± 0.33

0.411

 PT

14.6 ± 3.9

15.6 ± 5.8

14.4 ± 3.5

0.444

 PTT

27.3 ± 9.3

26.3 ± 9.5

27.6 ± 9.5

0.758

 BUN (mg/dL)

57.7 ± 38.2

66.0 ± 26.6

56.1 ± 40.2

0.398

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

3.05 ± 3.13

1.86 ± 0.57

3.29 ± 3.37

0.021

Glasgow-Blatchford score,

 Mean ± SD

10.7 + 4.0

15.4 ± 2.3

9.8 ± 3.6

 < 0.001

 Median (IQR)

11.0 (9.0,13.0)

14.0 (14.0,18.0)

10.5 (9.0,12.8)

 

 Glasgow-Blatchford score ≥ 14, n(%)

7 (16.3)

6 (85.7)

1 (2.8)

 < 0.001

  1. UGIB upper gastrointestinal bleeding, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, HT hypertension, IHD ischemic heart disease, CVA Cerebrovascular accident, CKD Chronic kidney disease, ESRD end-stage renal disease, PPI proton-pump inhibitor, Hb hemoglobin, WBC white blood cell counts, INR international normalized ratio, PT prothrombin time, PTT partial thromboplastin time, BUN blood urea nitrogen, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, kg/m2 kilogram per square meter, g/dL gram per deciliter, cells/µL cells per microliter, mg/dL milligram per deciliter