Table 2 Pre- (T1) and post-assessment (T2) scores on primary outcome measures and transtheoretical model and control effectiveness
TTM, n = 96 | Non-TTM, n = 98 | Time | Group | Interaction between time and group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1, Mean ± SD | T2, Mean ± SD | Cohen’s d | T1, Mean ± SD | T2, Mean ± SD | Cohen’s d | ||||||||
Scores of health belief | |||||||||||||
Personal health belief | 27.11 ± 1.63 | 27.89 ± 1.26 | 0.535 | 26.88 ± 1.74 | 27.36 ± 1.68 | 0.281 | F = 128.80 P < 0.001 | F = 18.83 P < 0.001 | F = 7.11 P = 0.009 | ||||
Sense of having implementing ability | 17.48 ± 1.67 | 17.94 ± 1.42 | 0.297 | 17.20 ± 1.55 | 17.43 ± 1.44 | 0.154 | F = 78.91 P < 0.001 | F = 25.82 P < 0.001 | F = 10.20 P = 0.002 | ||||
Sense of control | 17.18 ± 1.45 | 17.71 ± 1.24 | 0.393 | 17.23 ± 1.53 | 17.51 ± 1.34 | 0.195 | F = 35.94 P < 0.001 | F = 3.62 P = 0.06 | F = 11.35 P = 0.001 | ||||
Sense of having resources | 32.55 ± 1.61 | 33.15 ± 1.47 | 0.389 | 32.78 ± 1.72 | 33.09 ± 1.55 | 0.189 | F = 60.51 P < 0.001 | F = 0.59 P = 0.443 | F = 11.11 P = 0.001 | ||||
Sense of being threatened | 23.48 ± 2.74 | 24.23 ± 2.42 | 0.290 | 23.07 ± 2.84 | 23.43 ± 2.60 | 0.132 | F = 90.43 P < 0.001 | F = 23.99 P < 0.001 | F = 17.65 P < 0.001 | ||||
Total score | 117.80 ± 5.68 | 120.91 ± 4.94 | 0.735 | 117.16 ± 6.06 | 118.82 ± 5.48 | 0.287 | F = 287.39 P < 0.001 | F = 48.45 P < 0.001 | F = 56.74 P < 0.001 | ||||
Scores of health behavior | |||||||||||||
Self-realization | 22.02 ± 1.81 | 22.25 ± 1.77 | 0.128 | 21.80 ± 1.94 | 22.22 ± 1.89 | 0.219 | F = 46.95 P < 0.001 | F = 2.27 P = 0.135 | F = 4.40 P = 0.039 | ||||
Health responsibility | 23.40 ± 2.88 | 25.83 ± 2.55 | 0.893 | 23.09 ± 2.40 | 23.65 ± 2.22 | 0.242 | F = 132.39 P < 0.001 | F = 39.15 P < 0.001 | F = 64.32 P < 0.001 | ||||
Exercise | 15.40 ± 2.73 | 20.04 ± 3.07 | 1.597 | 15.09 ± 2.68 | 15.88 ± 2.90 | 0.283 | F = 14.18 P < 0.001 | F = 50.43 P < 0.001 | F = 34.95 P < 0.001 | ||||
Nutrition | 17.27 ± 2.58 | 23.13 ± 1.85 | 2.610 | 17.69 ± 3.11 | 18.38 ± 3.35 | 0.213 | F = 753.67 P < 0.001 | F = 79.56 P < 0.001 | F = 503.70 P < 0.001 | ||||
Interpersonal relation | 21.94 ± 1.81 | 22.44 ± 1.84 | 0.274 | 21.73 ± 1.89 | 22.27 ± 2.00 | 0.278 | F = 38.01 P < 0.001 | F = 5.39 P = 0.022 | F = 0.004 P = 0.949 | ||||
Stress management | 17.04 ± 2.03 | 18.02 ± 2.26 | 0.456 | 17.13 ± 2.23 | 17.56 ± 2.12 | 0.198 | F = 77.78 P < 0.001 | F = 5.45 P = 0.022 | F = 12.88 P = 0.001 | ||||
Total score | 117.06 ± 6.43 | 131.71 ± 5.87 | 2.380 | 116.54 ± 7.24 | 119.96 ± 7.12 | 0.476 | F = 227.78 P < 0.001 | F = 1001.60 P < 0.001 | F = 378.44 P < 0.001 | ||||