Total N = 243 | SV group N = 40 | SMV group N = 25 | Mixed group N = 178 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Follow-up period (m)* | 15.8 (9.4–26.5) | 13.5 (5.7–26.2) | 12.9 (4.7–21.4) | 16.9 (5.7–28.3) |
Primary outcome: Incidence of post-TIPS overt HE | ||||
Overt HE | 67 (27.6) | 5 (12.5) | 18 (72.0) | 44 (24.7) |
Grade III or higher | 59 (24.2) | 3 (7.5) | 16 (64.0) | 40 (22.4) |
Recurrent | 21 (8.6) | 2 (5.0) | 8 (32.0) | 11 (6.2) |
Precipitant | ||||
High-protein intake | 25 (37.3) | 2 (40.0) | 5 (27.8) | 18 (40.9) |
Rebleeding | 9 (13.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 7 (15.9) |
Liver failure | 18 (26.9) | 2 (40.0) | 7 (38.9) | 9 (20.5) |
Unclear | 15 (22.4) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (22.2) | 10 (22.7) |
Secondary outcome 1: Change of ammonia level at 3 days† | ||||
With ammonia elevation | 81 (66.3) | 12 (54.5) | 17 (80.9) | 52 (65.8) |
Elevation level* (μmol/L) | 9 (− 7–30) | 4 (− 10–9) | 31 (10–36) | 8 (− 7–26) |
Secondary outcome 2: Change of ammonia level at 1 month§ | ||||
With ammonia elevation | 57 (76.0) | 9 (75.0) | 12 (92.3) | 36 (72.0) |
Elevation level* (μmol/L) | 20 (4–52) | 18 (1–30) | 45 (23–60) | 18 (− 1–55) |