Anticoagulant drugs with or without proton pump inhibitor and colorectal cancer risk: a population-based, case–control study

Table 2 Relationship between low-dose aspirin, clopidogrel, PPI, and incidence of CRC

Variable	CRC (N = 10,481)	Non-CRC ^a (N = 41,924)	Crude OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR^b (95%CI)
PPI	1195(11.40)	2824(6.74)	1.817(1.691–1.953)***	1.378(1.276–1.487)***
PPI + Low-dose aspirin	27(0.26)	120(0.29)	0.972(0.640–1.477)	0.564(0.364–0.872)**
PPI + Clopidogrel	38(0.36)	75(0.18)	2.192(1.482–3.241)***	1.162(0.765–1.764)
Low-dose aspirin	1040(9.92)	3922(9.36)	1.144(1.063–1.232)***	0.923(0.847–1.006)
Clopidogrel	217(2.07)	868(2.07)	1.080(0.928–1.257)	0.704(0.597–0.831)***
Low-dose aspirin + Clopidogrel	38(0.36)	154(0.37)	1.065(0.746–1.521)	0.726(0.499–1.058)
Non-drug user	7926(75.62)	33,961(81.01)	Ref	Ref

^aModel was adjusted for matching variables (age, gender, and year of index date), two groups present at 1:4 ratio
^bModel was adjusted for the following variables: age, gender, and year of index date; comorbidities and risk factors, including smoking, alcohol usage, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, inflammatory bowel disease, GI bleeding
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

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