Table 1 Patients’ characteristics and indications for GSI joint examination

Baseline characteristics

Male

413 (53.78)

Age, y

48.35 ± 17.59

BMI, kg/m²

23.28 ± 3.64

Indication for GSI

Abdominal pain or distension

295 (38.41)

Physical examination

162 (21.09)

Acid reflux

92 (11.98)

Diarrhoea

55 (7.16)

Melaena

42 (5.47)

Constipation

31 (4.04)

Elevated tumour markers for gastrointestinal malignancies

21 (2.73)

Nausea or vomiting

19 (2.47)

Weight loss

18 (2.34)

Others

33 (4.30)

History

Diabetes

25 (3.26)

Helicobacter pylori infection

245 (31.90)

Dual antiplatelet therapy history

49 (6.38)

Abdominal surgery

62 (8.07)

Smoking history

151 (19.66)

Drinking history

148 (19.27)