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Table 2 Summary of number (no) of patients/participants and lactulose:mannitol ratios (LMRs) reported in patients with active Crohn’s disease, patients with inactive Crohn’s disease, and healthy controls

From: A case for improved assessment of gut permeability: a meta-analysis quantifying the lactulose:mannitol ratio in coeliac and Crohn’s disease

Study

Outcome

Number of healthy controls

Reported LMR in healthy controls

Standard deviation

Number of active Crohn’s patients

Reported LMR in active Crohn's

Standard deviation

Number of inactive Crohn’s patients

Reported LMR in inactive Crohn's

Standard deviation

Statistically calculated WMD (95% CI)

Statistically calculated SMD (95% CI)

Marsilio et al. 1998

Control versus active Crohn’s

30

0.024*

0.006

10

0.200*

0.082

   

0.176 (0.125, 0.227)

4.373 (3.157, 5.589)

Vilela et al. 2008

Control versus inactive Crohn’s

15

0.003

0.003

   

31

0.021

0.006

0.018 (0.015, 0.021)

3.467 (2.516, 4.418)

Dastych et al. 2008

Control versus active Crohn’s

20

0.012*

0.008

20

0.076*

0.037

   

0.064 (0.047, 0.081)

2.396 (1.575, 3.217)

D'Inca et al. 2006

Control versus inactive Crohn’s versus first degree relatives

35

0.01

0.003

   

115

0.03

0.045

0.020 (0.012, 0.028)

0.506 (0.123, 0.889)

Wild et al. 2003

Control versus inactive Crohn’s patients after 10 weeks of tapering steroids who eventually relapsed

23

0.021*

0.004

   

11

0.055*

0.018

0.05 (0.04, 0.07)

3.209 (2.144, 4.274)

Wild et al. 2003

Control versus inactive Crohn’s patients after 10 weeks of tapering steroids who eventually did not relapse

23

0.021*

0.004

   

11

0.026*

0.017

 

0.497 (-0.232, 1.225)

Wild et al. 2003

Control versus active Crohn’s patients

23

0.021*

0.004

30

0.088*

0.026

   

0.067 (0.058, 0.076)

3.387 (2.534, 4.240)

Wild et al. 2003

Active Crohn’s patients versus inactive Crohn’s patients after 10 weeks of tapering steroids who eventually relapsed

   

30

0.088*

0.026

11

0.055*

0.018

0.033 (0.019, 0.047)

1.364 (0.609, 2.118)

Wild et al. 2003

Active Crohn’s patients versus inactive Crohn’s patients after 10 weeks of tapering steroids who eventually did not relapse

   

30

0.088*

0.026

11

0.026*

0.017

0.062 (0.048, 0.076)

2.582 (1.684, 3.479)

Garcia Vilela et al. 2008

Control versus inactive Crohn’s

15

0.005*

0.004

   

31

0.021*

0.010

0.016 (0.012, 0.020)

1.879 (1.148, 2.609)

Sigalet et al. 2013

Control versus active Crohn’s

10

0.029*

0.008

7

0.056*

0.025

   

0.026 (0.007, 0.045)

1.531 (0.421, 2.641)

Sigalet et al. 2013

Control versus inactive Crohn’s

10

0.029*

0.008

   

7

0.032*

0.010

0.002 (-0.007, 0.011)

0.226 (-0.743, 1.195)

Sigalet et al. 2013

Active versus inactive Crohn’s

   

7

0.056*

0.025

7

0.032*

0.010

0.024 (0.004, 0.044)

1.261 (0.098, 2.423)

Zamora et al. 1999

Control versus inactive Crohn’s

21

0.019

0.01

   

14

0.027

0.040

0.008 (-0.013,0.030)

0.313 (-0.368, 0.993)

Andre et al. 1988

Control versus active Crohn’s

100

0.021*

0.01

15

0.132*

0.11

   

0.111 (0.055, 0.167)

2.787 (2.134, 3.440)

Andre et al. 1988

Control versus inactive Crohn’s

100

0.021*

0.01

   

15

0.074*

0.090

0.053 (0.007,0.099)

1.604 (1.023, 2.186)

Andre et al. 1988

Active versus inactive Crohn’s

   

15

0.132*

0.11

15

0.074*

0.090

0.058 (-0.014, 0.130)

0.577 (-0.154, 1.309)

Sturniolo et al. 2001

Inactive Crohn’s

      

12

0.041*

0.010

  

Buhner et al. 2006

Control versus inactive Crohn’s versus first degree relatives versus non-blood relatives

96

0.015

0.005

   

128

0.026

0.016

0.011 (0.008, 0.014)

0.877 (0.601, 1.154)

D'Inca et al. 1999

Control versus Inactive Crohn’s patients who eventually relapsed

80

0.009*

0.004

   

52

0.045*

0.042

0.036 (0.025, 0.047)

1.359 (0.973, 1.745)

D'Inca et al. 1999

Control versus Inactive Crohn’s patients who eventually did not relapse

80

0.009*

0.004

   

78

0.027*

0.027

0.018 (0.012, 0.024)

0.938 (0.610, 1.267)

Swanson et al. 2011

Control versus inactive Crohn’s

7

0.094**

    

6

0.085**

   

Benjamin et al. 2012a

Inactive Crohn’s

      

15

0.067

0.024

  

Benjamin et al. 2012b

Inactive Crohn’s

      

15

0.071

0.061

  

Hilsden et al. 1996

Controls versus first degree relatives of Crohn’s patients in remission

26

0.017*

0.006

        

Hilsden et al. 1999

Inactive Crohn’s

      

61

0.018*

0.011

  

Breslin et al. 2001

Controls versus spouses of patients with inactive Crohn’s

26

0.017*

0.005

        
  1. Where appropriate data was available, the calculated weighted mean difference (WMD) and standard mean difference (SMD) in LMR (between the Crohn’s cohort and healthy controls) are also shown. * = mean value, ** = unknown if value is mean or median, = Standard deviation (SD) calculated from range, = SD calculated from interquartile range (IQR), = SD calculated from standard error of mean (SEM), = SD calculated from 95% confidence interval (CI)