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Table 1 Summary of number (no) of patients/participants and lactulose:mannitol ratios (LMRs) reported in untreated coeliac patients, treated coeliac patients, and healthy controls

From: A case for improved assessment of gut permeability: a meta-analysis quantifying the lactulose:mannitol ratio in coeliac and Crohn’s disease

Study

Outcome

No of healthy controls

Reported LMR in healthy controls

Standard Deviation

No of untreated coeliac patients

Reported LMR in untreated coeliac

Standard Deviation

No of treated coeliac patients

Reported LMR in treated coeliac patients

Standard Deviation

Statistically calculated WMD (95% CI)

Statistically calculated SMD (95% CI)

Elia et al. 1991

Control versus untreated coeliac

24

0.021*

0.020

15

0.152*

0.120

   

0.131 (0.070, 0.192)

1.736 (0.979, 2.492)

Vogelsang et al. 2001

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

16

0.12

0.058

19

0.028

0.028

0.092 (0.061, 0.123)

2.085 (1.252, 2.919)

Kuitunen et al. 1996

Control versus untreated coeliac

18

0.030

0.043

22

0.260

0.410

   

0.230 (0.058, 0.402)

0.751 (0.106, 1.397)

Kuitunen et al. 1996

Control versus treated coeliac

18

0.030

0.043

   

17

0.040

0.010

0.010 (-0.010, 0.030)

0.316 (-0.351, 0.983)

Kuitunen et al. 1996

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

22

0.260

0.410

17

0.040

0.010

0.220 (0.049, 0.391)

0.712 (0.059, 1.365)

Ukabam et al. 1985

Control versus untreated coeliac

25

0.009

0.003

13

0.110

0.156

   

0.101 (0.016, 0.186)

1.121 (0.402, 1.839)

Ukabam et al. 1985

Control versus treated coeliac

25

0.009

0.003

   

13

0.016

0.016

0.007 (-0.002, 0.016)

0.728 (0.037, 1.419)

Ukabam et al. 1985

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

13

0.110

0.156

13

0.016

0.016

0.094 (0.009, 0.179)

0.848 (0.042, 1.653)

Vilela et al. 2008

Control versus treated coeliac

15

0.003

0.003

   

22

0.013

0.016

0.010 (0.003, 0.017)

0.785 (0.103, 1.466)

Hamilton et al. 1987

Control versus untreated coeliac

33

0.036

0.021

4

0.296*

1.308

   

0.264 (-1.018, 1.546)

0.688 (-0.362, 1.739)

Marsilio et al. 1998

Control versus untreated coeliac

30

0.024*

0.006

10

0.072*

0.025

   

0.048 (0.032, 0.064)

3.623 (2.539, 4.708)

Van Elburg et al. 1993

Control versus untreated coeliac

22

0.043*

0.030

9

0.243*

0.100

   

0.200 (0.133, 0.267)

3.425 (2.251, 4.599)

Rajani et al. 2016

Control versus untreated coeliac

26

0.022

0.016

65

0.043

0.070

   

0.021 (0.003, 0.039)

0.351 (-0.106, 0.809)

Rajani et al. 2016

Control versus treated coeliac

26

0.022

0.016

   

47

0.024

0.077

0.002 (-0.021, 0.025)

0.032 (-0.447, 0.511)

Rajani et al. 2016

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

65

0.043

0.070

47

0.024

0.077

0.019 (0.009, 0.047)

0.261 (0.155–0.638)

Smecuol et al. 1997

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

27

0.360*

0.380

15

0.130*

0.188

0.230 (0.058, 0.402)

0.706 (0.056, 1.356)

Smecuol et al. 2005

Control versus untreated coeliac

30

0.017*

0.040

30

0.073*

0.090

   

0.056 (0.021, 0.091)

0.804 (0.277, 1.331)

Juby et al. 1989

Control versus untreated coeliac

12

0.016*

0.007

17

0.163*

0.313

   

0.147 (-0.002, 0.296)

0.610 (-0.147, 1.367)

Novacek et al. 1999a

Untreated coeliac disease with normal liver function tests

   

106

0.110

0.315

     

Novacek et al. 1999b

Untreated coeliac disease with abnormal liver function tests before versus after gluten free diet

   

72

0.340

1.400

64

0.050

0.070

0.290 (0.034, 0.614)

0.284 (0.054, 0.623)

Vecsei et al. 2009

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

47

0.177

 

47

0.053

   

Johnston et al. 2000

Control versus untreated coeliac

21

0.013*

 

16

0.105*

      

Johnston et al. 2000

Control versus treated coeliac

21

0.013*

    

7

0.013*

   

Johnston et al. 2000

Treated versus untreated coeliac

   

16

0.105*

 

7

0.013*

   

Catassi et al. 1997

Control versus untreated coeliac

54

0.014

 

29

0.038

      

Smecuol et al. 1999

Untreated coeliac disease

   

12

0.101

0.069

     

Smecuol et al. 2013a

Untreated coeliac disease

   

10

0.110

0.159

     

Smecuol et al. 2013b

Untreated coeliac disease

   

12

0.054

0.440

     

Gatti et al. 2013a

Treated coeliac disease

      

75

0.055

0.04

  

Gatti et al. 2013b

Treated coeliac disease

      

96

0.052

0.055

  
  1. Where appropriate data was available, the calculated weighted mean difference (WMD) and standard mean difference (SMD) in LMR (between the coeliac cohort and healthy controls) are also shown. * = mean value, ** = unknown if value is mean or median, = Standard deviation (SD) calculated from range, = SD calculated from interquartile range (IQR), = SD calculated from standard error of mean (SEM), = SD calculated from 95% confidence interval (CI)