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Table 5 Non-invasive predictors associated with the incidence of malignancies, except for liver cancer

From: PNPLA3 genotype and fibrosis-4 index predict cardiovascular diseases of Japanese patients with histopathologically-confirmed NAFLD

Factor

Category

Univariate

Multivariate

Hazard ratio

(95% CI)

P value*

Hazard ratio

(95% CI)

P value*

FIB-4 index

 < 2.67

1

  

1

  
 

 ≥ 2.67

2.51

(1.10–5.74)

0.029

25.2

(2.81–226)

0.004

Waist circumference**

Small

1

     
 

Large**

5.78

(1.09–30.3)

0.039

   

ALDH2 rs671

GG

1

     
 

AA, AG

5.46

(1.82–16.4)

0.002

   

PNPLA3 rs738409

CC, CG

1

     
 

GG

3.64

(1.41–9.44)

0.008

   

Previous or current liver-related events

Absence

1

     
 

Presence

3.42

(1.14–10.3)

0.028

   

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Absence

1

     
 

Presence

2.49

(1.19–5.21)

0.015

   
  1. *Significance was determined using the Cox proportional hazard model. Variables that were statistically significant on univariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis to identify significant independent factors
  2. **Large waist circumference was defined as ≥ 85 cm in men and ≥ 90 cm in women. The characteristics of the 426 patients confirmed to have no previous or current malignancies except for liver cancer at NAFLD diagnosis were evaluated for the rate of development of malignancies except for liver cancer. During the follow-up period, 32 patients developed malignancies except for liver cancer. Liver-related events included liver cancer, hepatic encephalopathy, esophago-gastric varices with bleeding, ascites, and jaundice