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Table 4 Risk of all-cause mortality in CLD patients with COVID-191 and population controls with COVID-19, matched at the index date

From: Risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality in patients with established chronic liver disease: a nationwide matched cohort study

All-Cause Mortality

N exposed (%)

N death (%)

Incidence rate (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR* (95% CI)

Liver disease

Comparators

Liver disease

Comparators

Liver disease

Comparators

Any COVID-19 infection1

566

1832

53 (9.4%)

158 (8.6%)

0.5 (0.3–0.6)

0.5 (0.4–0.5)

1.08 (0.79–1.48)

0.85 (0.61–1.19)

 Cirrhosis

51

114

9 (17.6%)

15 (13.2%)

1.0 (0.3–1.6)

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

1.36 (0.59–3.10)

0.81 (0.30–2.17)

 No Cirrhosis

515

1718

44 (8.5%)

143 (8.3%)

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

0.5 (0.4–0.5)

1.02 (0.73–1.43)

0.80 (0.56–1.15)

Hospitalized with COVID-19

161

435

23 (14.3%)

74 (17.0%)

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

0.82 (0.51–1.31)

0.91 (0.54–1.51)

  1. CLD, chronic liver disease; N, number; CI, confidence interval; PY, person-years; HR, hazard ratio
  2. *Adjusted for age, sex, index year, education, Nordic country of birth, and medical comorbidities at index date (i.e. cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, alcohol use disorder, obesity/dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer, psychiatric disease)
  3. 1Any COVID-19 was defined as either a recorded diagnosis of COVID-19 or hospitalization for COVID-19 (see “Methods” and Additional file 1: Table S3 for definitions)