Risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality in patients with established chronic liver disease: a nationwide matched cohort study

Table 2 Risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and severe COVID-19 in patients with chronic liver disease¹ (n = 42,320) and matched population controls (n = 182,147), from February 1 to July 31, 2020

Outcome	N events (%)		Time at risk (years)		Incidence rate (95% CI) per 1000 PY		HR² (95% CI)	Adjusted HR³ (95% CI)
Outcome	Liver disease	Comparators	Liver disease	Comparators	Liver disease	Comparators	HR² (95% CI)	Adjusted HR³ (95% CI)
Main outcomes
Hospital admission	161 (0.38%)	435 (0.24%)	20,786	89,945	7.7 (6.5–8.9)	4.8 (4.4–5.3)	1.49 (1.24–1.79)	1.36 (1.11–1.66)
Severe COVID-19¹	65 (0.15%)	191 (0.10%)	20,816	90,021	3.1 (2.4–3.9)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	1.16 (0.87–1.55)	1.08 (0.79–1.48)
Secondary outcomes
Main outcomes combined	182 (0.43%)	504 (0.28%)	20,786	89,945	8.8 (7.5–10.0)	5.6 (5.1–6.1)	1.39 (1.17–1.65)	1.28 (1.06–1.54)
All-cause mortality	622 (1.47%)	1115 (0.61%)	20,822	90,034	29.9 (27.5–32.2)	12.4 (11.7–13.1)	2.00 (1.81–2.21)	1.62 (1.45–1.81)
Any COVID-19	566 (1.34%)	1832 (1.01%)	20,711	89,698	27.3 (25.1–29.6)	20.4 (19.5–21.4)	1.29 (1.17–1.42)	1.16 (1.05–1.28)

N., number; CI, confidence interval; PY, person-years; HR, hazard ratio
¹Severe COVID-19 was a composite outcome, defined by any of the following: (a) COVID-19 ICU admission, or (b) death due to COVID-19 or (c) death within 30 days of diagnosed COVID-19 (for details, see “Methods”)
²Conditioned on matching set (age, sex, county, and calendar period)
³Conditioned on matching set and further adjusted for education, Nordic country of birth, and medical comorbidities at the index date (i.e. the date of index liver biopsy or corresponding matching date among comparators), including: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, alcohol use disorder, obesity/dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer and psychiatric disease

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