|
Stage of acute-on-chronic liver failure, % (n)
|
|
Early stage
|
9.6% (10)
|
39.3% (22)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Middle stage
|
38.5% (40)
|
37.5% (21)
|
< 0.001
|
|
End stage
|
51.9% (54)
|
23.2% (13)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Complications, % (n)
|
|
Ascites
|
80.8% (84)
|
48.2% (27)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Mild Ascites
|
49% (51)
|
41.1% (23)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Severe Ascites
|
31.7% (33)
|
7.1% (4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hepatic encephalopathy
|
31.7% (33)
|
3.6% (2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Grade I or II
|
12.5% (13)
|
1.8% (1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Grade III or IV
|
19.2% (20)
|
1.8% (1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Infection
|
26.9% (28)
|
28.6% (16)
|
0.824
|
|
Acute kidney injury
|
7.7% (8)
|
0% (0)
|
0.051
|
|
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
|
2.9% (3)
|
0% (0)
|
0.552
|
|
Laboratory data
|
|
Albumin (g/dL)
|
31 (28–34)
|
32 (31–34)
|
0.01
|
|
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)
|
378 (301–468)
|
309 (256–398)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
2.0 (1.6–2.3)
|
2.5 (1.9–4.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hemoglobin (g/L)
|
123 (111–133)
|
128 (119–135)
|
0.03
|
|
Platelet count (109/L)
|
100 (67–126)
|
120 (91–180)
|
< 0.001
|
|
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
|
12.3 (8.2–20.1)
|
9.6 (6.0–16.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sex-hormone-binding globulin (nmol/L)
|
32 (25–46)
|
54 (44–72)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Free testosterone index (%)
|
7.0 (5.3–9.7)
|
18.0 (12.5–24.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (μg/dL)
|
160 (88–310)
|
127 (70–218)
|
0.06
|
|
Cortisol (μg/dL)
|
9.2 (7.1–13.2)
|
8.9 (5.7–12.2)
|
0.44
|
|
Androstenedione (ng/mL)
|
3.35 (2.23–4.97)
|
3.60 (2.32–4.47)
|
0.69
|
|
Severity score
|
|
MELD
|
33 (29–35)
|
29 (26–31)
|
< 0.001
|
|
COSSH-ACLF
|
6.7 (6.2–7.6)
|
5.8 (5.5–6.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Mortality, % (n)
|
|
90 days
|
45.2% (47)
|
14.3% (8)
|
< 0.001
|
