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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

From: Predictive scoring systems for in-hospital mortality due to acutely decompensated liver cirrhosis in Indonesia

Characteristic

Entire cohort (n = 241)

Discharged alive (n = 212)

Died during hospitalization (n = 29)

Age (year), mean ± SD

53.4 ± 12.03

52.25 ± 11.5

61.5 ± 13.02

Sex, n (%)

   

Male

179 (74.3)

162 (76.4)

17 (58.6)

Female

62 (25.7)

50 (23.6)

12 (41.4)

Etiology, n (%)

   

Hepatitis B

93 (38.6)

84 (39.6)

9 (31)

Hepatitis C

70 (29)

57 (26.9)

13 (44.8)

Hepatitis B & C

5 (2.1)

5 (2.4)

0 (0)

NAFLD

3 (1.3)

3 (1.4)

0 (0)

Alcohol

1 (0.04)

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

Cryptogenic

69 (28.6)

62 (29.25)

7 (24.14)

Child–Pugh, n (%)

   

A

53 (22)

52 (24.5)

1 (3.4)

B

96 (40)

91 (42.9)

5 (17.2)

C

92 (38)

69 (32.5)

23 (79.3)

Score, median (min–max)

9 (5–15)

8 (5–15)

11 (6–14)

HCC (within the Milan Criteria), n (%)

4 (1.7)

4 (1.89)

0 (0)

Comorbidities, n (%)

   

Diabetes mellitus

81 (33.6)

67 (31.6)

14 (48.3)

Hypertension

32 (13.3)

30 (14.1)

2 (6.9)

Charlson comorbidities, n (%)

   

None

138 (57.3)

124 (58.5)

14 (48.3)

1

77 (31.9)

66 (31.1)

11 (37.9)

2

22 (9.1)

18 (8.5)

4 (13.8)

≥ 3

4 (1.6)

4 (1.9)

0 (0)

Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%)

171 (70.9)

157 (74)

14 (48.3)

Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)

   

Grade I–II

49 (20.3)

36 (16.9)

13 (44.8)

Grade III–IV

16 (6.6)

14 (6.6)

2 (6.9)

Ascites, n (%)

57 (23.6)

46 (21.7)

11 (37.9)

Bacterial infection, n (%)

61 (25.3)

41 (19.3)

20 (68.9)

Pneumonia

53 (22)

34 (16)

19 (65.5)

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

8 (3.3)

5 (2.3)

3 (10.3)

Urinary tract infection

4 (1.6)

3 (1.4)

1 (3.4)

Empyema

1 (0.4)

1 (0.47)

0 (0)

Skin infection

4 (1.7)

4 (1.88)

0 (0)

Previous acute decompensation, n (%)

48 (20)

44 (20.7)

4 (13.8)

MAP (mmHg), mean ± SD

83.7 ± 14.7

84.2 ± 14.6

80.7 ± 14.9

SpO2/FiO2 ratio

461.9 (84.21–476.2)

466.6 (84.21–476.2)

306.2 (104.21–476.2)

Leucocyte count (× 103/µL)

8.4 (1.11–42.1)

8.06 (1.11–42.1)

13.2 (3.2–30.7)

Neutrophil count (× 103/µL)

5.9 (0.62–37.05)

5.8 (0.62–37.05)

10.2 (1.71–27.27)

Albumin (mg/dl), mean ± SD

2.7 ± 0.6

2.8 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.5

Total bilirubin (mg/dl)

2.02 (0.4–57.8)

1.9 (0.4–40.9)

4.9 (0.8–57.8)

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.9 (0.13–9.3)

0.9 (0.3–5.7)

1.3 (0.13–9.3)

Sodium (mg/dl), mean ± SD

134.9 ± 6.4

135.5 ± 6.2

130.8 ± 6.4

Prothrombin time (sec)

13.3 (9.9–120)

12.8 (9.9–120)

15.4 (11–42.6)

MELD

12.8 (6.4–43.5)

12.4 (6.4–39.6)

22.8 (8.4–43.5)

MELD-Na

15.7 (6.4–43.3)

14.7 (6.4–39.6)

25.9 (12.6–43.3)

CLIF-C OF score

7 (6–13)

7 (6–13)

9 (6–13)

ACLF grade, n (%)a

   

No ACLF

180 (74.7)

169 (79.7)

11 (37.9)

Grade 1

44 (18.3)

33 (15.6)

11(37.9)

Grade 2

12 (5)

6 (2.8)

6(20.7)

Grade 3

5 (2.1)

4 (1.9)

1 (3.4)

Causes of death, n (%)

   

Septic shock

  

13 (44.8)

Hypovolemic shock

  

2 (6.9)

Respiratory failure

  

8 (27.6)

Liver failure

  

1 (3.4)

Cardiac arrest

  

3 (10.3)

Cause unknown

  

2 (6.9)

  1. Data are presented as medians (minimum–maximum) unless otherwise stated. MAP, Mean arterial pressure; MELD-Na, Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium; CLIF-C OF, Chronic liver failure-consortium organ failure; ACLF, Acute-on-chronic liver failure; NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; SD, Standard deviation
  2. aACLF grade and classification based on EASL clinical practice guideline [17]